Transcript coldwar overview - LiteracyLeadersForWriting

COLD WAR
1945-1991
THE IRON CURTAIN
1. The Soviet Union drove the
Germans back across Eastern Europe.
2. They occupied several countries
along it’s western border and
considered them a necessary buffer or
wall of protection from the west.
3. Stalin installed Communist
governments in Albania, Bulgaria,
Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania,
Poland, and Yugoslavia.
4. At the Potsdam Conference Truman
pressed Stalin to allow free elections.
5. Early in 1946 Stalin declares that
communism & capitalism could not
exist in the same world. War between
the U.S. & U.S.S.R. was certain.
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
Adriatic an iron curtain has descended
across the continent.”
- Winston Churchill
March 5, 1946
What is a Cold War?
A State of Diplomatic hostility among nations
without direct armed conflict
USSR
USA
COMPETING IDEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
UNITED STATES
VS.
SOVIET UNION
1. Wanted to spread democracy &
capitalism to Eastern Europe.
1. Continued to occupy Eastern Europe &
turned countries into satellites (puppet
states), to protect the Soviet Union from
2. NATO - North Atlantic
invasion from the west.
Treaty Organization. U.S. &
2. Warsaw Pact - Soviet Union &
several Western European
Eastern European satellite countries.
Countries.
Government controls radio, T.V. & Newspapers
Secret police
One party leadership
Freedom of press
Collectivization
Citizens have basic rights
Government controls all production
Freedom of Religion
Freedom of Press
Citizens elect representatives
People & corporations can own land
Dictatorship
Use of propaganda
Censorship
People can form own political parties
How do you Fight a Cold War?
A)Need a threat of force and power – Arms,
technology, influence
B) Use of Propaganda – created hatred and
paranoia of other side
C) Send economic aid to weaker nations to spread
influence and gain allies
D) Support with military aid nations in conflicts to
protect interests or agitate other side
THE YALTA CONFERENCE
• FEBRUARY, 1945
• U.S., BRITAIN & SOVIET UNION
GOALS:
1. TO PROMOTE WORLD PEACE
2. TO PROVIDE EMERGENCY RELIEF
3. TO HELP FORM INTERIM
GOVERNMENTS BASED ON THE WILL
OF THE PEOPLE
OUTCOMES:
CHURCHILL, ROOSEVELT, STALIN
1. GERMANY DIVIDED INTO ZONES OF OCCUPATION
2. GERMANY WOULD PAY SOVIET UNION FOR LOSSES
3. SOVIET UNION PROMISED FREE ELECTIONS IN EASTERN EUROPE.
POLITICAL CARTOON ACTIVITY
U.S. POLICIES
1. CONTAINMENT - Policy directed at blocking Soviet influence and
preventing the expansion of Communism.
2. TRUMAN DOCTRINE - Monetary support given by U.S. to countries that
resisted Communism.
3. MARSHALL PLAN- Post WWII assistance program, in which, the
U.S. would provide, food, machines, and other materials to any country that
needed it.
SOVIET RESPONSE
1. BERLIN BLOCKADE & AIRLIFT 1948- Soviets closed all road and rail links
to Berlin. The Western allies began a massive airlift to feed the West Berliners.
•This caused the creation of the Federal Republic of
Germany (West Germany) in 1949
2. BERLIN WALL 1961- East German
government built a wall that separated East Berlin
from West Berlin. Soldiers shot anyone that tried to
escape East Berlin.
THE BERLIN WALL
1947 -The Marshall Plan
What was it?
•A U.S. program of economic aid to European
countries to help them rebuild after WWII.
•The goal was to promote
economic and political stability
in post WWII world
•Provided food, machines, and
other materials
The Marshall Plan
Why would the USSR oppose
such a plan?
•Stalin saw the plan as a threat
•Marshall Plan aid would largely be
used by the Europeans to buy U.S.
manufactured goods and raw
materials
•Communist influence on Western
Europe would be reduced
•Soviet Union did not (or could not)
offer a similar program for Eastern
Europe
The Marshall Plan
Which country received the most aid from the United States?
Why would Great Britain and France receive the most aid?
Is the U.S. acting out of self interest? Why?
The Marshall Plan
Evaluate the two photos. What significant changes have occurred in the second photo?
1948 - The Truman Doctrine
What was it?
•A promise made by U.S. President
Truman to provide military and
economic support to all countries that
rejected communism
•This policy of stopping any further
spread of communism became known
as the policy of “containment”
Why would some Americans oppose the Truman Doctrine?
•Feared U.S. involvement in foreign affairs
•Argue U.S. lacked resources to carry on “global crusades” against
communism ( “World Policeman”)
1948 - The Truman Doctrine
1. In what way would the continuation of chaos in Western Europe be
beneficial to the Soviet Union?
2. What country does the cartoonist see as the savior of Western Europe?
The Domino Theory
What is the idea of a
domino theory?
The domino theory was a 20th Century foreign policy theory that
speculated if one land in a region came under the influence of
Communists, then more would follow in a domino effect.
1949 – Major Domino falls – Chinese communists take control of China
- USSR explodes an atomic bomb
1949 - NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization –
Western Nations join in a military alliance
to defend against Communist threats.
1955 – Warsaw Pact
USSR and Eastern Bloc Nations join in a
military alliance to counter NATO.
KOREAN WAR 1950 - 1953
After World War II Korea was
divided, along the 38th parallel,
into North Korea, occupied
Soviet forces and South Korea
occupied by American forces.
North Korean forces, seeking to
unify the country under
communist rule invaded the south
in 1950. Commanded by General
Douglas MacArthur, UN forces
prevented a northern takeover of
South Korea. An Armistice was
signed in 1953.
1959 - CUBAN REVOLUTION
In 1959 Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba. He
nationalized businesses and executed opponents,
transforming Cuba into a Communist state.
He threatened to spread Communism to other
Latin American countries.
BAY OF PIGS INVASION 1961
In 1961 U.S. trained Cuban exiles
unsuccessfully invaded Cuba at the Bay of
Pigs.
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS 1962
In 1962 the United States discovered
that Cuba was secretly building bases
to install Soviet missiles with nuclear
warheads. After President Kennedy
ordered a naval blockade of Cuba and
threatened and invasion, Krushev
agreed to withdraw the missiles for a
pledge that the U.S. would not invade
Cuba.
VIETNAM WAR 1954-1975
When the French withdrew from
Indochina in 1954, Vietnam was
divided. Ho Chi Minh Founded
Communist North Vietnam, While
South Vietnam established ties to the
West.
Communists known as Vietcong began a
guerrilla war in South Vietnam with
North Vietnamese support.
The U.S. entered the conflict to resist
communism. Although the U.S. had
superior technology, and used 500,000
soldiers it could not defeat the North
Vietnamese.
In 1973 U.S. troops withdrew under the
Paris Peace Accords. In 1975 the
South fell to the North.
ARMS RACE
The United States developed the Atomic Bomb during WWII.
Soviet scientists developed one in 1949.
For 40 years the superpowers spent huge amounts of money to
develop more & more powerful weapons. This raised the tensions
between the two countries. It also raised the fears among many
people that the superpowers might become involved in a conflict that
would destroy the world.
Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What?
HISTORY OF NUCLEAR WARHEAD STOCKPILES -1945-1995
NOTE: Totals are estimates. Lists include strategic and non-strategic warheads, as well
as warheads awaiting dismantling
1945
1955
1965
UNITED STATES
6
3,057
31,265 26,675 22,941 14,766
SOVIET UNION
0
200
6,129 19,443 39,197 27,000
BRITAIN
0
10
310
350
300
300
FRANCE
0
0
32
188
360
485
CHINA
0
0
5
185
425
425
Source: National Resources Defense Council
1975
1985
1995
SPACE RACE
The super
powers also
competed
in space.
In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, a satellite, into orbit around the
Earth.
Soon after the United States established NASA. The race was on.
In 1958 the U.S. launched its own first satellite. In 1961, the Soviets sent the
first man into space.
In 1969 the U.S. was the first nation to put a man on the moon. Both the
Soviets and Americans explored the use of satellites for military purposes.
A
B
PEOPLE OF THE
COLD WAR
H
L
D
C
G
M
I
E
J
F
N
O
K
EVENTS OF THE COLD WAR