Transcript United States History Chapter 8

United States History
Chapter 8
Higher Order Thinking Skills
Homework
1.
Describe the new religious movements that
swept the United States after 1790.
What was the Second Great Awakening?
A Religious Revival led by George Grandison Finney
that stressed the importance of perfecting society and
providing for the needs of all people. The concept that
you were in control of your salvation through your
works of faith was a reaction against the Calvinist
doctrine of Predestination.
How did the Second Great Awakening affect African
Americans?
Led to the formation of the African American Church in
the United States, showing that all people belonged to
the same God and should have an opportunity to
worship.
2.
Explain the new philosophy that offered an
alternative to traditional religion.
What did Transcendentalism teach?
That we, as a society, needed to “rise above” (or
transcend) social evils and work for a more perfect
society through connection with nature and a rejection
of materialism.
What did Unitarians believe?
Focused believers on the “perfection of human nature,
the elevation of man to nobler beings”, they also
worked for social reform and aided the poor.
3.
Characterize the nature of utopian
communities.
What were the goals of the nation’s utopian
communities?
To separate from mainstream American society and
form more perfect communities free of competition and
social inequality.
What views did the Shakers hold?
They shared goods with each other, believed in the
equality of men and women, and opposed violence of
any kind.
4.
Describe the reforms demanded in schools , mental
hospitals, and prisons.
How did reformers attempt to improve the nation’s prisons?
By focusing the prison system more on rehabilitation than on
punishment, on trying to produce people capable of existing in
normal society.
In what ways did reformers seek to improve the country’s
education system?
Requirements that children stay in school longer and that the
public school system be supported by local taxes.
What role did Horace Mann play in educational reform?
Led the way in the Public School Movement and helped improve
Teacher training programs.
In what ways did Dorothea Dix impact the treatment of the
mentally ill?
She opened the first hospital to improve the treatment of the
nation’s mentally ill, to treat them with humanity.
5.
Identify some of the key abolitionists.
What is abolition?
The immediate End of all slavery in America.
How did white abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison
alienate many whites?
By writing articles in his Newspaper, The Liberator, calling for the
immediate abolition of slavery in the United States.
Who were David Walker and Frederick Douglass, and
what did they advocate?
They were African American Abolitionists. Walker, in his book An
Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, advocated fighting
for freedom. Douglass, in his newspaper The North Star,
followed Garrison’s call for legislative abolition.
6.
Describe the experience of slaves in rural
and urban areas.
What were the similarities and differences between
rural and urban slavery?
Obviously both involved forced servitude, but life for the urban
slave tended to include more personal freedom and a generally
more relaxed lifestyle, where the rural slave faced a very difficult
existence within plantation agriculture.
What were the causes and consequences of Nat
Turner’s rebellion?
Turner believed he was instructed by God to lead a slave rebellion
in Virginia.
As a result the South became much more defensive of any talk of
abolition and tried to place an “iron curtain” between the North
and their slaves.
7.
Summarize the slavery debate in the south.
What was the result of the debate over slavery in Virginia in
1832?
A proposal for gradual abolition was defeated and the debate on
slavery was closed.
Part of the reason that the western part of the state did not
secede and the state of West Virginia was formed.
How did the South respond to Nat Turner’s rebellion?
Means of controlling slaves on the plantations were tightened up
through laws called Slave Codes (later called black codes after
the end of the Civil War).
What arguments did many Southerners use to defend slavery?
Essential to the economy, it gave slaves an exposure to
Christianity, even fostered the notion of the “happy slave” who
enjoyed his life on the plantation.
8.
Explain why women’s opportunities were
limited in the mid-1800’s.
What is the cult of domesticity?
Idea that women should be confined to the home raising families
and tending to their husbands. Forbade education and working
outside the home.
What spurred the growth of the temperance movement?
Many women saw that they were the main victims of alcohol
abuse and, thus, were an active part in trying to rid society of
alcohol and liquor.
What strides did women make in the areas of education and
health care?
Many women were able to take advantages of new opportunities
for higher education, even including co-ed colleges like Oberlin
College in Ohio.
Many women began to see the need to provide for better health
care for women, who were suffering greatly during the early
1800’s.
9.
Describe the progress of the expanding
women’s rights movement.
What significant events took place at the Seneca Falls
Convention?
First Women’s Rights convention led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton
and Lucretia Mott.
Formation of the Declaration of Sentiments, outlining the
objectives of the early Women’s Rights Movement.
What contributions did Sojourner Truth make to the women’s
rights movement?
While urging men to grant women their rights, Truth urged women
to get involved in the Abolition Movement (a plea that was
unpopular with some women who believed it would make their
cause less popular).
10. Demonstrate how new manufacturing
techniques shifted the production of goods
from the home to the factory.
How would you characterize the nation’s
manufacturing system before the early 1800’s?
As mainly a “Cottage Industry” with most
manufacturing work performed in the home.
How did mechanization change the nature of
manufacturing in the United States?
Mechanization moved the manufacturing process from
the home to industrial factories capable of mass
production.
11.
Describe the conditions female employees
endured in factories.
Why did factory owners tend to hire young women
rather than men?
They could pay them less money for the same work.
What were working conditions like at the Lowell Mills?
Long work days, hot/dark/damp working conditions, expected to
work at a fast pace, worked under harsh overseers that locked
doors and nailed windows shut.
How did strikes for higher wages at the Lowell Mills
end?
The community pressured the women back to work with no
change in conditions.
The Company was able to fire the strike leaders and threaten to
replace striking workers with local women.
12. Summarize the attempts of factory workers to
organize unions.
For what reasons did many Irish emigrate to the United
States in the mid-1800’s?
The Irish potato famine killed nearly 1 million Irish
peasants and forced 1 million more to new homes in
America.
What was the National Trades’ Union, and what
progress did it make on behalf of the nation’s workers?
A labor union that combined workers from six major
industries, they were met at first by opposition from the
Courts. The case of Commonwealth v. Hunt was the
first major court decision to uphold the workers’ right to
strike.