Transcript Abolition of Slave Trade

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Checking C 25 today
C 26 ques/SPICE/terms/
outline DUE Th 2/26
Unit IV timeline/chart
Due M 3/9
Ming Dynasty 1368-1644
Kangxi 1661-1722
Qianlong 1736-1795
C 25: Africa and the Atlantic World
Key Geographic
Features?
Pre-15th Century?
Sub-Saharan Africa
Swahili Coast
Kingdom of Benin
Mali Empire
Great Zimbabwe
TRADE ITEMS??
Changes/ Continuities?
Pre- contact with Europeans…..
• Built states based on kinship groups (Bantu speakers)
• Matrilineal (Queen Nzinga r. 1623-1663, Ndongo (Angola)
• Traded with Muslim merchants (in N Africa and SW Asia)
• Maintained local traditional religious practices
With increasingly greater contact with Europeans…..
• Regional kingdoms replaced imperial states of west Africa,
such as the Songhay empire (Sunni Ali) WHY did the imperial
states fall? Has to do with
trade…….
• Swahili City states fell under Portuguese control
• Extension of trade networks led to formation of regional kingdoms in central
Africa and south Africa
• Slave trade : GENDER RATIOS?
(Portuguese traders brought textiles, weapons, advisors and artisans to Kongo:
Portuguese merchants took copper, ivory and slaves-1441- first slaves to
Europe (12)
By 1460 = 500 slaves/ year to Azores, Canary Is, Lisbon
Diet =
1518 – first shipment of slaves directly west to Caribbean
Manioc led to
population surge (34
South Africa: Dutch Boers
million- 60 million)
(Afrikaners) 1652/ wars w
Zulu tribe: establish
apartheid system
Kingdom of Kongo
Songhay Empire
(Sunni Ali- Muslims)
(Navy- slavery?)
Ndongo (Queen
Nzinga)
King Afonso I of the Kongo READ
giving audience to the Dutch
Queen Nzinga of Ndongo
with Portuguese governors
Ndongo grew from small
chiefdom to kingdom due to direct trade
•Interest in Christianity (King Alfonso of
Kongo: Letter to Portugal?)
( Dona Beatriz of Kongo? St. AnthonyPortuguese patron saint) ) and Islam
increased
Compare and Contrast: Slavery in Africa and Muslim World/Europe BEFORE
Atlantic Slave Trade
AFRICA
MUSLIM WORLD/ EUROPE
Compare and Contrast: Slavery in Africa and Muslim World/Europe
AFRICA
Slaves were war captives, criminals or
expelled from clans
Slaves were form of personal investment,
heritable property, means of acquiring
wealth- often purchased to enlarge their
family
(Songhay did not trust nobility- preferred
slaves in positions of authority)
Wealth came not from private ownership
of land, but of ownership of labor to make
the land productive
Slaves were often assimilated into kin
groups- purchased to enlarge their
families
No chattal slavery
MUSLIM WORLD/ EUROPE
Islamic slave trade well established
pre 15th Century (between 8-12th C
as many as 10 million Africans sold
into Islamic slave trade)
Portuguese learned they could
steal slaves rather than purchase
them beginning 1441…)
Slaves as pure
commodities =
Triangular (Atlantic)
Slave Trade
Factors
Factories
The Middle
Passage
The Biggest Change:
The African Slave Trade
1500-1800
The African
Diaspora?
(cash crops/plantations)
African slave trade mostly supplied
tropical Caribbean
5% went to North America
Most trans-Atlantic
voyages took 5
weeks
Early on: 50% of
cargo died
As slavery became
more profitable
mortality fell to 5%
Overall ¼ of all
saves died en route
Coffin Position
“Tight Packers”
Vs.
“Loose Packers”
Brazilian Sugar Mill: “Engenhos”
Compare and Contrast: Slavery in Caribbean,North America and Latin America
CARIBBEAN
NORTH AMERICA
Slaves unable to sustain
their numbers by natural
means (diseases/ yellow
fever/ malaria/ low
standard of nutrition and
health
Strong support here (S) for slave
families
(especially when the price of a new
slave from Africa rose
dramatically)
Imported female slaves as well as
male
Mostly male slaves
½ of imported African
slaves went to Caribbean
(1/3 to Brazil)
ALL:
Experienced slave revolts (passive/ insurrection)
specialized in some form of agricultural crop in
demand which required intensive labor
Motivated by profit
LATIN AMERICA
(according to Catholic church) owners
not allowed to work their slaves on
Sunday
Catholic slaves were married in the
church
Slaves were encouraged to read and
write
Enjoyed a relatively higher level of
esteem
In the Americas…
IMPACT of Slave Trade:
involuntary migration of 12 million/ 4 million died en route
Pre 17th Century = 2000 slaves left Africa annually
17th Century = 20,000 annually
18th Century = 55,000 annually
1780s = 88,000 annually, sometimes 100,000
The African
Effects of Slave Trade in Africa?
Diaspora?
Economic
(cash crops/plantations)
Political
African slave trade mostly supplied
Social (Syncretic Religion?)
tropical Caribbean
5% went to North America
Slave Resistance?
Spread of African culture/language/music
Passive Resistance
Revolts/Maroons
End of the Slave Trade
Role of Enlightenment/ American
Abolition of Slave Trade=
Revolution/ Abolitionists?
ABOLITION
1803 Denmark
(Saint Dominique 1793)
th
by early 17 c
1807 Great Britain
(Gabriel Prosser 1800)
Great Britain
1808 United States
(Denmark Vesey 1822)
1845 France
1814 France
1865 United States
(Nat Turner 1831)
1817 Netherlands
Olaudah Equiano
1960 Angola
1835 Spain
Last documented Atlantic Slave ship = 1867 to
Cuba
End of the Slave Trade
WHY ABOLITION?
ABOLITION
by early 17th c
Great Britain
1845 France
1865 United States
1960 Angola
Abolition of Slave Trade=
1803 Denmark
1807 Great Britain
1808 United States
1814 France
1817 Netherlands
1835 Spain
Last documented Atlantic Slave ship =
1867 to Cuba
The slave trade ended because:
1. American and French Revolutions/ Enlightenment Ideals = suggestion of
universal human right to freedom and equality
2. Frequent slave revolts = not profitable/ dangerous
3. Olaudah Equiano
4. Supply and demand = supply of sugar prices
price of slaves
5. Europeans shifted focus from cash crops to manufacturing industries
6. Made more sense to leave Africans in Africa to harvest raw materials
Olaudah Equiano 1745-1797)
Seeking More Than Apologies
for Slavery: Activists Hope
Firms' Disclosure of Ties Will
Lead to Reparations
Wachovia revealed on June
1 2005 that one of the banks
put hundreds of slaves to
work on railroads and
another accepted more than
100 more as collateral on
defaulted loans in the
1800s. Wachovia, one of the
nation's largest banks, was
required by the city of
Chicago to investigate its
past to participate in the
redevelopment of a housing
project on the city's South
Side.
Do We Apologize
for Slavery??
North Carolina Senate
Passes Slavery Apology
In a still chamber, North
Carolina senators Thursday
approved a resolution
apologizing for slavery as
one after another discussed
how a conflict central to the
American experience
reverberates in their lives.
(2007)
Reparations??
The slavery era was a tragic time in U.S.
history and in our company's history," J.P.
Morgan said in a statement. The company
apologized to the African-American
community, to the descendants of slaves and
to the public. It also announced the creation of
a $5 million scholarship program for black
students from Louisiana to attend college in
their home state. (2004)
In July 2008, the U.S. House of
Representatives issued an
unprecedented apology to black
Americans for the institution of
slavery, and the subsequent Jim
Crow laws that for years
discriminated against blacks as
second-class citizens in
American society.
July 12, 2009
Post- 15th Century Trade Routes?
European Contact beginning in the 15th century?