Transcript Major Features of Hamilton`s Economic Plan

Major Features of
Hamilton’s Economic
Plan
The Tariff 1789
• Designed to protect domestic
manufacturing
– Discouraged competition from abroad
– Forced foreign competitors to raise
prices
– Provided much needed income for US
Report on Public Credit
• US owed an enormous amount of
money to creditors
– $20 million to individual states
– $11 million to foreigners
– $40 million to private individuals
• Hamilton used this report to suggest
that US pay off its domestic and
foreign debt.
Report on Manufacturers
• Hamilton envisioned a program for
growth and development of
manufacturing
– Tariffs, loans, grants to businesses
– Excise tax to raise money to aid
businesses and government
– Infrastructure development
Creation of National
Bank
• Contribute to steady and balanced
growth of the economy.
• Chartered by the US and controlled:
– US government 20%
– Private US citizens 60%
– Private foreign citizens 20% - many
Americans opposed to this!
Revolution of 1800
• Election went to the House of Reps
when the presidential and vicepresidential candidates tied for
electoral votes
The Jeffersonian
Movement
• Spirit embodied in the DemocraticRepublican party, represented the common
man
• Anti-capitalistic
• Limitations on Federal power/strict
interpretation of Constitution
• Francophile – party favored support of
France
The Hamiltonian
Movement
• Spirit embodied in the Federalist party,
represented capitalist class
• Expansion of federal power/loose
interpretation of Constitution
• Future of nation dependent on developing
manufacturing and industry
• Anglophile, party favored Great Britain
AP TIP
Key Events in
Jefferson’s Presidency
• 1st term- carried out domestic and
foreign policies of predecessors
– Kept Bank of US
– Stayed out of foreign alliances and
stayed neutral
• Used this as an excuse to reduce size of
government
– Whiskey Tax eliminated
Key Events in
Jefferson’s Presidency
• Louisiana Purchase
(1803)
Key Events in
Jefferson’s Presidency
• Lewis and Clark
The honeymoon is over:
Jefferson’s Second Term
• US had to pay bribes to Barbary Ships
(Pirates) to protect American merchant
vessels
Conflict between France
and Britain AGAIN
• Essex Decision 1805 – British ruled
that trade closed during peace time
could not be opened during war – No
American trade with West Indies
• Leopard-Chesapeake Incident 1807 –
British navy short on sailors
– Impressment of American sailors
Conflict between France
and Britain AGAIN
• Orders in Council 1806 and 1807 –
Britain blockaded the ports of France
and its allies, thereby preventing
neutral nations from trading with these
nations
Conflict between France
and Britain AGAIN
• Berlin Decree 1806 – France
responded in kind to the Orders in
Council
• Milan Decree 1807 – France announced
it would seize any ships that had obeyed
Britain’s Orders in Council
Punish France and Britain
with Trade Acts
• Nonintercourse Act 1806 – This
halted the importation of many
British commodities but failed to
influence the British
• Embargo Act 1807 – Prohibited all
foreign trade
Punish France and Britain
with Trade Acts
• Nonintercourse Act 1809 – Trade
was opened with all nations except
the belligerents, Britain and France.
Jefferson agreed to trade with
either nation so long as it repealed
its trade restrictions against
American shipping.
Punish France and Britain
with Trade Acts
• Macon’s Bill No. 2 – Replaced the
Nonintercourse Act with his own plan
to open trade with both Britain and
France.
– Agreed to suspend trade with the
enemy of the nation that first agreed to
cease its violations of American Rights
Marshall Court
•
•
•
•
Vested rights in contract clauses
Expanding the Court’s jurisdiction
Judicial nationalism over states’ rights
Blocking state regulations that limited
property rights
• Freeing American commerce from
restraints placed on it by the state
Marbury v. Madison
Fletcher v. Peck 1810
• The Court ruled that a state could
not pass laws that invalidated a
contract
Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee
1816
• Established the supremacy of federal
courts over state courts.
Dartmouth College v.
Woodward 1819
• Reaffirming the Fletcher decision,
the Court ruled that a state cannot
alter or invalidate a contract.
McCulloch v. Maryland
1819
• The Court ruled that the government
possessed the implied power to
create a national bank; that the bank
could not be taxed by a state
because this would give the “power to
destroy” to the bank; and that
federal law is absolute over state
law.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)
• The Court recognized the federal
government’s authority over
interstate trade.
Cohens v. Virginia 1821
• Much to the dismay of the states’
rightists, the Court asserted the
right of the Supreme Court to review
the decisions of state supreme
courts in issues dealing with the
authority of the federal government
Connecting the Dots
• The period from 1788 to 1808 was
problematic for the new nation.
Washington’s administration had
experienced infighting between
various political leaders and their
followers. Jefferson’s second term
witnessed serious foreign challenges
to the sovereignty of the US.
Connecting the Dots
• Yet the nations was developing,
physically (LA Purchase), politically
(Judicial Branch). After another war
with Britain the US emerged with a
sense of nationalism.
Reflection Time
• What led up to Hamilton’s Report on
Public Credit, what was it, and what
impact did it have?
Report on Public Credit
• The US was in debt after the American
Revolution. The US owed over $71 M to
individuals, states, and foreign governments. This
report of our debts was used by Hamilton to
suggest that we pay off all of our debts. Paying
off debts would improve our credit rating allowing
us to borrow more money and give loans to
businesses. Southern State’s were against the
federal government paying off all of these debts,
because they had already paid off most of theirs.
The North argued that all would enjoy the
benefits of an improved economy. In the end, an
agreement was worked out, the Assumption Bill &
Bank of US: Southerners agreed to support
Hamilton’s proposal if the capitol was moved to
the South.
Reflection Time
• What led up to the Whiskey
Rebellion, what was it, and what was
the impact?
Whiskey Rebellion
• Hamilton’s plan placed a high tax on Whiskey. This
was a good way for the US to make money on what
some thought of as a frivolous commodity. The
farmers though distilled alcohol from corn and
rye for a cheaper way for them to get their crops
to market. Several farmers began to rebel against
this tax in a way reminiscent of the Stamp Tax
days. This was a test for the federal government.
Washington sent troops to put down the rebellion.
The Rebellion was quickly put down. The
consequences were much larger than the Rebellion
itself. The government commanded more respect,
but critics condemned the brutality.
Reflection Time
• What caused Pinckney’s Treaty of
1795, what was it, and what was the
impact?
Pinckney’s Treaty
• Concerned that the animosity between Britain and
the US was thawing because of Jay’s Treaty,
Spain made a series of concessions in negotiations
with the U.S. ambassador to Spain, Thomas
Pinckney. The treaty opened up the lower
Mississippi and the important port city of New
Orleans to American trade and shipping. It also
granted Americans the right of deposit – a
transfer of goods – in New Orleans without having
to pay a tax to the Spanish. Spain further agreed
to accept the 31 st parallel as Florida’s northern
border and to stop inciting Native American
tribes.
Reflection Time
• Jay’s Treaty
Jay’s Treaty
• Chief Justice John Jay was sent by Washington
to negotiate with the British an end to their
practice of seizing American ships and
impressing American sailors into the British
Navy. The British did agree to remove their
forts on America’s western frontier, but made
no guarantees that seizures and impressments
would end. The U.S. Senate narrowly ratified
the treaty, but the American public was so
incensed by Britain’s disdain for American
neutral rights that support for the French
cause in the US swelled. Nevertheless, the US
was able to maintain its neutrality in the AngloFrench War.
Reflection Time
Implied powers
Implied Powers
• The founders of the US knew that they could not predict
every future event or problem so they incorporated implied
powers into the constitution. The Elastic Clause (Article I,
Section 8, Clause 18) of the Constitution grants such
powers. This Clause gives the federal government the power
to make laws that are necessary and proper for the running
of the government. This clause was put to the test early on
with the controversy between the Loose Constructionist
(Hamilton) and the Strict Constructionists (Jefferson).
Through the rulings of the Marshall Supreme Court the
Federalist position regarding implied powers became part of
the national fabric.
• You might want to include the issue the Jeffersonians
brought up about the 10th Amendment.
Reflection Time
3/5 Compromise
3/5 Compromise
• In order to persuade the Southern (large) States into
signing the new Constitution a series of compromises had to
take place. One of those compromises was the 3/5
Compromise. The Southern states wanted the House of
Reps that was based on population to be based on the states
entire population, including slavery. The Northern states
would not hear of this. In order to solve this problem, the
3/5 compromise was agreed upon. This was one of a series
of concessions made to the South to entice them to stay in
the Union. The 3/5 Compromise said that 3/5 of the state’s
slave population would be counted for representation and
taxes. A fugitive slave law also required that runaway slaves
who escaped to a free state must be returned to their
owners. The issue of slavery was a hot-topic even before
the Constitution was signed, but the Union could not survive
without the southern states. Because of this, the north
compromised out of necessity and began putting off the
problem of slavery one compromise at a time until the issue
finally erupted into a civil war.
Reflection Time
Great Compromise
Great Compromise
• The large southern states wanted representation
based upon population and the smaller northern
states wanted equal representation. The Great
(Connecticut) Compromise combined the Virginia
and New Jersey Plans for the Constitution into a
more equitable solution. This Compromise created
a House of Reps that is based upon population and
a Senate that has equal representation with 2
senators from each state. All money bills would
originate in the House and direct taxes on states
would be assessed according to population. The
outcome was the current US Constitution which
has survived for 218 years.
Reflection Time
Edmund Charles Genet
Edmund Charles Genet
• The Franco-American alliance of 1778 bound the US to
defend the French West Indies from all foes. Washington,
in his wisdom, knew that the US could not yet withstand
another war and declared the Neutrality Proclamation of
1793. This document proclaimed the US officially neutral,
but warned American citizens to be impartial toward both
camps. Citizen Edmond Genet, a representative of the
French Republic landed in Charleston and was welcomed by
the Jeffersonian Republicans. Believing that this was the
way all American felt, he began to fit privateers and take
advantage of the Franco-American alliance. He recruited
armies to invade Spanish Florida, Louisiana, and British
Canada. Washington, Jefferson, and Madison soon became
tired of this and Washington demanded that Genet be
replaced. This illustrated that when both sides have
something to gain that alliances are good, but alliances do
not last when both sides have nothing to gain.
Reflection Time
Washington’s Farewell Address
Washington’s Farewell
Address
• Washington felt that a president should only
serve two terms so he would not become too king
like. This was a tradition that held until Franklin
Roosevelt. In this farewell address, Washington
advised the avoidance of “permanent alliances”
like the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. He was
not opposed to all alliances; but cautioned against
permanent alliances. This became sound advice for
the young nation. This advice was followed for the
most part until the Monroe Doctrine. He also
warned about the divisiveness of political parties,
but in fact political parties is what made our
democracy strong.
Reflection Time
• Hamilton’s election scheme of 1796
•
Hamilton’s election scheme of 1796
The tradition during the early days of the US was that presidential
candidates did not campaign for themselves. The campaigns played out
in newspapers, editorials, and pamphlets. All attention was on the midAtlantic states because it was clear that Jefferson would carry the
South while the New England states would certainly go to Adams. In
those days, most southern states chose presidential electors to the
electoral college by direct vote. In the mid-Atlantic states, however,
state legislatures selected the presidential electors, and the election of
1796 would be decided by the political scheming within those
assemblies. In the electoral college balloting, Jefferson came in second
to Adams (71 to 68 votes), principally because Adams had won the
behind-the-scenes battle for the New York legislature. While the vice
president received only two electoral votes south of the Potomac,
Jefferson won only eighteen votes outside of the South, thirteen
of which came from Pennsylvania. In those days, the candidate receiving
the second-highest vote became the vice president. In a scheme to
deny Adams the presidency, Alexander Hamilton influenced South
Carolina's Federalist electors to withhold their votes from Adams. This
would have made Adams's running mate, Thomas Pinckney, President,
with Adams as vice president. But New England Federalists, learning of
the scheme, withheld their votes from Pinckney to counter Hamilton's
ploy. As a result of the Federalist intraparty conflicts, Jefferson
compiled more votes than Pinckney for second place and became vice
president.
Reflection Time
• Alien Act
Alien Act
• After Jay’s Treaty it became clear that the US-French
relations were in trouble. The Federalists were pro-British
and Pres. Adams was a Federalist. Adams sent a special
envoy to France to help reduce tensions. The envoy was met
by Agents X,Y,&Z. These men demanded a bribe of
$250,000 and millions in loans for the privilege of meeting
with Talleyrand. Two years later Adams sent another envoy
and met with Napoleon and relations improved. The
Federalists, in the meantime, sought to silence opposition to
their policies from the Democratic-Republicans. Inspired by
the ideas of Hamilton, the Federalists drafted a series of
acts to neutralize any challenges to their dominance. One of
those acts was the Alien Act. This act gave the president
the authority to deport individuals whom he considered a
threat to the US. The Alien Enemies Act provided for the
deportation or imprisonment of any individuals in a time of
declared war. This was a serious threat to the Bill of Rights.
This plan backfired; Jefferson was elected in the next
Presidential election. You might want to write about the
Naturalization Act also.
Reflection Time
• Sedition Act
Sedition Act
• This one will begin much the same way as the
Alien Act. On a test I will most likely combine the
Alien and Sedition Acts into one. The Sedition
Act was probably the most insidious of the acts.
This legislation stated that speaking, writing, or
publishing criticisms of the government were at
the very least misdemeanors and possibly
treasonous. This was an infringement on 1st
Amendment Rights. This act temporarily silenced
political opposition, but they lost the 1800
election. The Marshall Court finally put these laws
to rest.
You Know what to do
• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Virginia and Kentucky
Resolutions
• In the same year of the Alien and Sedition Acts the
Kentucky legislature adopted a resolution by Thomas
Jefferson questioning the federal government’s authority
to pass such legislation. The Virginia legislature, guided by
James Madison, went even further and articulated what has
become know as the “compact” theory of government. The
logic of the argument is that the federal government was
created by the states. There are instances when conflicts
arise between the rights and laws of the states and the
authority of the federal government. When such conflicts
arise, the interests of the states take precedence over the
laws and actions of the federal government. Therefore, a
state has the right to declare national laws null and void.
This theory was later used by South Carolina during the
Jackson Presidency (Nullification Crisis) and then by the
Southern states to break away from the Union.
You Know what to do
XYZ Affair
XYZ Affair
• After Jay’s Treaty tension between France and the US was
high. In an attempt to reduce tensions, Adams sent a special
mission to France in 1794. Upon arriving in France the three
US commissioners, John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry, and
Charles Pinckney, were asked by the French Minister
Talleyrand, through his agents, X,Y,&Z, for a bribe of
$250,000 and millions in loans even before negotiations
could begin. Pinckney purportedly declared: “No, no, not a
sixpence.” Later, the outraged American public and
government memorialized the US response with the slogan
“Millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute.” Again, the
nation geared up for war. Hamilton, never far from the
center of the action, pressed Adams to arm American
merchant ships and raise an army. His rationale was that
the further the US moved from France the closer it would
move to a more lucrative commercial relationship with
Britain. But, Adams refused to declare war on France. The
Federalists were very angry with Adams and this issue
caused the party to eventually fall apart.
You Know what to do
Quasi-War
Quasi-War
•
•
After the XYZ Affair, the American public was outraged. Congress
enacted a series of measures to raise an army and authorize a Navy
Department. It also unilaterally abrogated treaties with France,
authorizing privateers and public vessels to attack French ships found
competing with American commerce. Between 1798 and 1800 the U.S. Navy
captured more than 80 French ships although neither country officially
declared war.
The British delighted in the anti-French uproar in America and moved to
assist the United States against a common foe, revolutionary France.
President Adams wanted to avoid a major war, confident that had France
wanted war it would have responded to American attacks on French ships.
Talleyrand feared that limited hostilities with the United States might
escalate into a full-scale war and let it be known that he would accept a
new American diplomatic representative. Adams nominated a new
representative to France despite public and Federalist disappointment that
there would be no war, but conceded to Federalist demands and expanded
the single nomination into a commission of three. Although the FrancoAmerican negotiations were initially deadlocked, France finally agreed to
cancel the Treaty of Alliance of 1778 if the United States dropped
financial claims resulting from recent seizures of American merchant
shipping. The resulting Convention of 1800 terminated the only formal
treaty of alliance of the United States. It would be nearly a century and a
half before the United States entered into another formal alliance.
You Know what to do
Bank of the US Controversy
•
Bank of the US
Controversy
The creation of the a Bank of the US raised a serious
constitutional question. Because the Constitution did not explicitly
state that the federal government had in its enumerated powers
the authority to create such an institution, was the Bank
constitutional? Although the defenders of the Bank cited the
elastic clause as their “loose” constitutional justification
(“necessary and proper”) for creating this financial institution,
opponents, such as Jefferson, claimed in their “strict”
interpretation of the Constitution that there was nothing
“necessary” about the creation of the Bank. To which Hamilton
responded that the enumerated powers of the federal government
gave to it the authority to coin and borrow money. The Bank, he
argued, was certainly necessary for maintaining the nation’s
financial stability and so was indeed constitutional. To this day,
political leaders and jurists are divided over how best to interpret
the Constitution. Hamilton’s Bank lasted until Jefferson allowed
the charter to expire.
You Know what to do
“Millions for defense, but not one cent
for tribute”
“Millions for defense, but
not one cent for tribute”
• Adams’ response to the demands from the
French during the XYZ Affair was
“Millions for defense, but not one cent for
tribute”. This was a sentiment that
continues in our country today. The US will
not be bullied.
• This quote should be added to the ID on
XYZ Affair.
You Know what to do
Federalists v. Anti-Federalists
Federalists v. Anti-Federalists
•
Ratifying the new government was not easy. For nine months
heated exchanges flew back and forth between supporters and
opponents of the new constitution. Those who advocated for the
new government were known as Federalists; opponents were called
Antifederalists. Federalist support came mainly from coastal and
urban areas and from the upper classes, though not all upperclass
citizens were Federalists. Antifederalist support came mainly from
backcountry and agricultural areas, debtors, and people
philosophically opposed to a strong central government. The
prominent leaders of the Federalists were Washington, Hamilton,
Madison, and Franklin and they favored a strong central
government to maintain peace and stability and to strengthen the
Union in ways that the AOC could not. They published a series of
papers called the Federalist papers in which they tried to
persuade the public of their point of view. The prominent leaders
of the Antifederalists were Patrick Henry, John Hancock, and
George Mason (Jefferson would fall into this category). They
opposed a central government that did not guarantee protection of
individual rights. They believed the Constitution subordinated
states’ rights. The Constitution was ratified with concession to
both points of view and creates a stronger Union because of the
differences.
You Know what to do
John Marshall
John Marshall
• The appointment of Federalist John Marshall, a distant
cousin of President Jefferson, to the Supreme Court in
1801 coincided with this party’s decline. A political chasm
opened between the two as Marshall forged a role for the
judicial branch that expanded the powers of the federal
government. When he assumed his duties, the Supreme
Court lacked both power and prestige. The Court met only
six weeks each year – the first Supreme Court Justice,
John Jay, resigned due to inactivity. Although he was not a
legal scholar, in his thirty-five years on the bench, Marshall
wrote nearly half of its decisions and in the process
transformed the court. The Marshall Court became strongly
identified with vested rights in contract clauses, expanding
the Court’s jurisdiction, judicial nationalism over states’
rights, and freeing American commerce from restraints
placed on it by the states.
You Know what to do
Marshall Court Cases
Marshall Court Cases
• This question would ask you to
summarize each of the Court cases
and would probably fall under the
John Marshall ID.
You Know what to do
Barbary War, 1801 -1805
Barbary War, 1801 -1805
• Pirates of the North African States had a habit
of demanding payment from merchant ships that
came into the Mediterranean. The Federalists
administrations paid this money to keep merchant
ships safe. During the French crisis while
Americans were shouting, “Millions for defense
but not one cent for tribute,” patience for the
Barbary brides was ending. The showdown came in
1801. The pasha of Tripoli was upset about the
amount of money he was getting declared war on
the US. Jefferson dispatched the US navy and
after 4 years of fighting we signed the Treaty of
peace in 1805. The outcome was Jefferson’s
pledge to fund the construction of small naval
vessels (remember he didn’t want a military).
Identify
War Hawks
War Hawks
• The defeat of Tecumseh coincided with the convening of
Congress. Many of those who came to Washington for the
1811-1812 session were newly elected, mostly western and
southern Democratic-Republican congressmen who also
happened to be highly nationalistic. They were soon labeled
“war hawks” and their hostility to Britain was a large reason
why they were given this moniker. Led by Henry Clay of
Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, the war
hawks favored punishing Britain militarily for seizing
merchant ships and impressing American sailors, violations
of American neutrality. But, they also wanted to seize land
from the Native Americans in the West, drive the British
from Canada, and even annex Spanish Florida. Opposition to
such endeavors came from the Federalists and their region
of influence, New England; they tended to be Anglophiles,
and they also believed – correctly – that war with Britain
would damage their commercial interests. Nevertheless, an
unprepared United States declared war on Britain on June
18, 1812.
Indentifications
Midnight Appointments
Midnight Appointments
• As Adams watched himself lose the election, he tended to
affairs of state, in particular to the judiciary. His first
order of business was to find a new chief justice. Bitter
about his defeat by Jefferson, President Adams spent the
final hours of his administration appointing a slew of
Federalists to the judgeships and lesser court offices
created by the hastily passed Judiciary Act passed in 1801.
The Judiciary Act created six new circuit, presided over by
sixteen new federal judges and a small army of attorneys,
marshals, and clerks. The Federalists had filled the
judiciary with the members of their own party. These
midnight appointments were designed to deny the incoming
administration the opportunity to leave it’s mark on the
courts, and to guarantee a strong Federalist check on the
Democratic-Republicans. These midnight appointments were
quite useless because President Jefferson removed many of
these.
Identification
– 12th Amendment
12 Amendment
• Due to the election dispute of 1800,
election reform was needed. The 12
Amendment changed the manner in which
the president and the vice president are
elected and the procedure if no
presidential candidate receives electoral
majority. The electors will vote for
president and vice-president separately.
Only those running for president will be
elected to the presidency. If no one gets a
majority then the House of
Representatives chooses the President of
the United States.
Identifications
– Burr Conspiracy
Burr Conspiracy
•
With the addition of the Louisiana Purchase to the control of the
US government, fears that one government could not control such
a vast land became prominent. Aaron Burr, was dropped as
Jefferson’s Vice-President for his 2nd term. Burr provoked the
fears by joining a radical Federalist group and plotted secession of
New England and New York. Ironically, Alex Hamilton was the one
to uncover this plot. Angered, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel.
Hamilton met him, but refused to fire because he did not believe
in dueling. Burr shot and killed Hamilton. Burr then began plotting
in the West. He and Wilkinson, the governor of the Louisiana
Territory plotted to separate the western part of the US from
the US with the help of the Spanish. When Wilkinson discovered
that Jefferson knew of the plot, he betrayed Burr and fled. Burr
was tried for treason, but Justice Marshall said that proof of
overt acts of treason were not present and released him. Burr was
acquitted and fled to Europe and tried to get France to join the
British against the US. The US learned that ruling a vast empire is
very difficult. At the time Jefferson thought that the entire US
territory could not be ruled under one government.
Identification
– Embargo Act of 1807
Embargo Act of 1807
• Because of the Essex decision, LeopardChesapeake incident, Orders in Council, Berlin
decree, and the Milan decree James Madison
sought to punish the British and French
commercial interest by enacting a series of trade
acts. One of these acts was the Embargo Act of
1807. This act prohibited all foreign trade. It had
a devastating effect on the New England economy
and ultimately hurt more than helped the US.
Many New Englanders denounced Jefferson and
Madison and gave their support to Charles
Pinckney, the Federalist candidate in the 1808
election. This act forced Northerners to reopen
old factories and build new ones. America’s
modern industrial might was allowed to mature
behind the embargo act.
Identification
HMS Leopard vs USS Chesapeake, 1807
HMS Leopard vs USS
Chesapeake, 1807
• Although it was powerful, the British navy was
short on sailors. To remedy this problem it began
the highly questionable tactic of stopping
American ships on the high seas and impressing
its sailors, whether they were British or not, into
their navy. In one egregious (blatantly offensive)
case, the British warship Leopard fired on an
American warship, the Chesapeake, and removed
several sailors, a few of whom were deserters. In
response America enacted a series of trade acts.
Identification
Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811
Battle of Tippecanoe,
1811
• The War Hawks were itching for a fight with the
British. They were also thirsty for more land. Two
Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa,
decided it was time to stop the white man’s
encroachment on native lands. They began to unite
all of the natives east of the Mississippi together.
William Henry Harrison gathered an army and
marched on Tecumseh’s headquarters. Tecumseh’s
brother attacked Harrison’s forces and the tribes
were defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe. This
event help spur “war fever” against the British
who the US saw as helping the natives.
Identification
– Hartford Convention, 1814 & Essex
Junto
•
Essex Junto and
Hartford Convention
The Essex Junto was a group of New England merchants and lawyers, so called
because many of them came from Essex co., Mass. They opposed the radicals in
Massachusetts in the American Revolution and supported the Federalist faction of
Alexander Hamilton. They later encouraged the disaffection of the Hartford
Convention, a meeting to consider the problems of New England in the War of 1812.
Prior to the war, New England Federalists opposed the Embargo Act of 1807 and
other government measures. Although manufacturing and contraband trade brought
wealth to the section, “Mr. Madison's War” and its expenses became steadily more
repugnant to the New Englanders. They refused to surrender their militia to national
service especially when New England was threatened with invasion in 1814. Finally,
in Oct., 1814, the Massachusetts legislature issued a call to the other New England
states for a conference. Representatives were sent by the state legislatures of
Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island; other delegates from New
Hampshire and Vermont were popularly chosen by the Federalists. The meetings
were held in secret. The moderates prevailed in the convention. The proposal to
secede from the Union was discussed and rejected, the grievances of New England
were reviewed, and such matters as the use of the militia were thrashed out. The
final report (Jan. 5, 1815) proposed several constitutional amendments that would
redress what the New Englanders considered the unfair advantage given the South
under the Constitution. The news of the Treaty of Ghent ending the war and of
Andrew Jackson's victory at New Orleans made any recommendation of the
convention a dead letter. Its importance, however, was twofold: It continued the view
of states' rights as the refuge of sectional groups, and it sealed the destruction of the
Federalist party, which never regained its lost prestige.
Identification
– Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817
Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817
• Charles Bagot was the British ambassador in
Washington and Richard Rush was the acting U.S.
Secretary of State. Both powers were interested
in averting a naval build-up on the Great Lakes and
acted to extend efforts made in the Treaty of
Ghent at the end of the War of 1812. Following
the War of 1812 the two countries participated in
an arms race on the Great Lakes. An exchange of
letters between the two countries led to the
almost total disarmament on the lakes and
ushered in a lasting period of peaceful
coexistence between Canada and the United
States. The last border fortification came down
in then 1870s and the US and Canada enjoys the
longest unfortified border in the world.
– Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819
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•
•
Adams-Onis Treaty
Also called the Transcontinental Treaty of 1819, the Adams-Onis
Treaty was one of the critical events that defined the U.S.-Mexico
border. The border between the then-Spanish lands and American
territory was a source of heated international debate. In Europe,
Spain was in the midst of serious internal problems and its colonies out
west were on the brink of revolution. Facing the grim fact that he
must negotiate with the United States or possibly lose Florida without
any compensation, Spanish foreign minister Onis signed a treaty with
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. Similar to the Louisiana
Purchase statutes, the United States agreed to pay its citizens’ claims
against Spain up to $5 Million. The treaty drew a definite border
between Spanish land and the Louisiana Territory.
In the provisions, the United States ceded to Spain its claims to
Texas west of the Sabine River. Spain retained possession not only of
Texas, but also California and the vast region of New Mexico. At the
time, these two territories included all of present-day California and
New Mexico along with modern Nevada, Utah, Arizona and sections of
Wyoming and Colorado.
The treaty -- which was not ratified by the United States and the new
republic of Mexico until 1831 -- also mandated that Spain relinquish its
claims to the country of Oregon north of the 42 degrees parallel (the
northern border of California). Later, in 1824, Russia would also
abandon its claim to Oregon south of 54’40,’ (the southern border of
Alaska.) see map
Adams-Onis Treaty
Missouri Compromise,
1820
Missouri Compromise
The balance between free and slave states had held
steady at 11/11. This balance of power allowed the
South to maintain equal power with the increasingly
populous North. Missouri asked for admittance as a
slave state and the argument began. In response the
Tallmadge amendment was proposed which would forbid
any further spread of slavery and would set in motion
the gradual emancipation of slavery. This was an
alarming proposition for the Southern States’ Righters.
The amendment did not make it through the Senate.
But it was obvious that an agreement must be made.
Henry Clay of Kentucky proposed that Missouri would
enter as a slave state at the same time the Maine would
enter as a free state. Slavery would be banned from all
the Louisiana Territory above the 36 degree 30’
parallel. (Southerners had no problem with this since
the soil was no good for slavery any way). This was one
of the first “band-aid” compromises to keep the South
in the Union and ultimately destroyed, temporarily. (see
map)
Identification
– “Like a fire bell in the night, awakened
and filled me with terror”
“Like a fire bell in the night,
awakened and filled me with
terror”
• This was the response made by
Jefferson after hearing about the
Missouri Compromise. Jefferson
feared, and rightly so that the
compromise was just a band-aid on
the slavery problem.
Identification
– Monroe Doctrine, 1823
Monroe Doctrine, 1823
• At the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, the victorious
nations met to discuss postwar goals. Monarchies were
restored to power. This concerned the U.S. because they
were afraid the European powers would try to restore
power in the Americas. At the behest of his cabinet,
Monroe issued a stern foreign policy statement that became
known as the Monroe Doctrine. He admonished the
Europeans from colonizing the Western Hemisphere. To do
so would be deemed a threat to the US. Europe should stay
out of the Western hemisphere and the US would stay out
of Europe.
• Traditionally historians have viewed the Monroe Doctrine as
a defensive strategy. It has often been cited as an example
of American altruism and anti-imperialism. Others argue
that the Monroe Doctrine was simply an expression of
Manifest Destiny. In order for the US to dominate the
Western Hemisphere it must keep Europe out. This doctrine
has been used by many presidents and also shaped foreign
policy after WWII. But, initially the Doctrine was just a
statement made without much punch to back it up.
Status Quo Ante bellum
• The term status ante bellum come from Latin meaning
literally, as things were before the war. The term was
originally used in treaties to refer to the withdrawal of
enemy troops and the restoration of prewar leadership.
When used as such, it means that no side gains or loses
territory or economic and political rights. The Treaty of
Ghent ending the War of 1812 reaffirmed status quo ante
bellum. During negotiations, British diplomats suggested uti
possidetis, where each side retained whatever territory and
other property it held at the end of the war, but status quo
ante bellum prevailed. The word is now shortened to status
quo.
Era of Good Feelings
• The years following the end of the War of
1812 have been called the “era of good
feelings” because of their apparent lack of
partisan political strife. In the Election of
1816, James Monroe decisively defeated
the last of the Federalist candidates.
Monroe was overwhelmingly reelected in
the Election of 1820 with no opposition.
Only 1 electoral vote against him.
“We have met the enemy
and they are ours!”
• A message sent from the naval Battle
of Lake Erie in the War of 1812,
announcing a victory for the United
States. The naval commander, Oliver
Hazard Perry, addressed the words
to the American land armies.
XYZ Affair
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Jay’s Treaty
Quasi-War
Edmund Charles Genet
Alien Sedition Acts
– Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions
• “Millions for Defense not one cent
for tribute”
Kentucky/Virginia
Resolutions
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•
Alien and Sedition Acts
Implied powers
States’ Rights
“Compact Theory”
Report on Public Credit
1790
• Whiskey Rebellion
• Bank of US Controversy
Federalist/Antifederalist
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Implied powers
Great Compromise
3/5 Compromise
Bill of Rights
War of 1812
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War Hawks
Embargo Act of 1807
HMS Leopard vs USS Chesapeake, 1807
Battle of Tippecanoe
Tecumseh
Essex Junto
Hartford Convention, 1814
“We have met the enemy and they are ours”
“Status Quo Anti bellum”
Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817
Era of Good Feeling
• Missouri Compromise 1820
– “Like a fire bell in the night, awakened
and filled me with terror”
• Monroe Doctrine, 1823