Transcript A8-Rise-of-American-Imperialism

The Rise of American
Imperialism
Hawaii, Cuba, the Philippines,
and Latin America
Vocabulary
 Imperialism: A policy of extending a country's power and
influence through diplomacy or military force
 Monroe Doctrine: A political policy of the United States
by President James Monroe that states the Western
Hemisphere is closed to European interference
 Dollar Diplomacy: The use of a country's financial power
to extend its international influence
 Sphere of Influence: A territorial area that is under the
political, military, and/or economic influence of a different
nation
The Lure of Imperialism
The Main Idea
The United States entered the imperialist competition
later than the European powers but soon extended
its influence in the Pacific region.
Focus
• What inspired the imperialist activity of the late
1800s?
• How did the United States take control of Hawaii?
• How did the United States gain influence in China?
• How did the United States exert influence in Japan?
Several industrialized nations competed to gain
territory throughout the world.
 The Industrial Revolution had increased wealth in many
nations, causing them to look elsewhere for markets and
opportunities for investment.
 An increase in trade had brought about the rise of large
navies to protect trading interests. These navies needed
strategically placed bases for refueling and repairs.
 Ideologies such as Social Darwinism justified European
expansion into Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
Anti-Imperial Sentiment
 From the Civil War until the
1890s, most Americans had
little interest in territorial
expansion:
 Imperial rule seemed
inconsistent with America's
republican principles.
 The US did not welcome
people with different
cultures, languages, and
religions.
European Imperialism
 By the mid-1890s, a shift
had taken place in American
attitudes toward expansion.
Why? Between 1870 and
1900, the European powers
seized 10 million square
miles of territory in Africa
and Asia. About 150 million
people were subjected to
colonial rule.
Fear of Competition
 In the United States, a
growing number of policy
makers, bankers,
manufacturers, and trade
unions grew fearful that
the country might be
closed out in the struggle
for global markets and
raw materials.
Belief in Darwinian Struggle
 A belief that the world's
nations were engaged in a
Darwinian struggle for
survival and that countries
that failed to compete
were doomed to decline
also contributed to a new
assertiveness on the part of
the United States.
Dependency on Foreign Trade
 By the 1890s, the
American economy was
increasingly dependent
on foreign trade. A
quarter of the nation's
farm products and half
its petroleum were sold
overseas.
The White Man’s Burden
 During the late 19th
century, the idea that the
United States had a
special mission to uplift
"backward" people
around the world also
commanded growing
support.
A New Assertiveness
 During the late 1880s,
American foreign policy
makers began to display a
new assertiveness. The
United States came close
to declaring war on
Germany, Chile, and Great
Britain.
The Annexation of Hawaii
 In 1893, a small group of
sugar and pineapple-growing
businessmen, backed by the
U.S. military, deposed
Hawaii's queen, seized 1.75
million acres of land, and
conspired for U.S. annexation
of the islands, which was
achieved in 1898. Hawaii
became a state in 1959.
The Spanish-American War
The Main Idea
A quick victory in the Spanish-American War gave
the United States a new role as a world power.
The Main Idea
• How did simmering unrest in Cuba lead to
rebellion?
• Why did Americans get war fever?
• What happened in the course of the SpanishAmerican War?
• Why was annexing the Philippines controversial?
Origins of Spanish American War
 The Tariff of 1894,
which put restrictions
on sugar imports to the
United States, severely
hurt the economy of
Cuba which was then a
Spanish colony. Angry
nationalists began a
revolt against the Spanish
colonial regime.
The USS Maine
 The US, which had many
businessmen with investment
interests in Cuba, became
concerned and dispatched the
USS Maine to rescue US
citizens who might be
endangered by the conflict.
The Effects of Yellow Journalism
 On February 15, 1898 the
Maine mysteriously blew up
and the US blamed a Spanish
mine. When the American
public was stirred into an
anti-Spain frenzy by the
yellow journalism of men
like Hearst and Pulitzer,
President McKinley gave the
OK for war.
The Philippine American War
 As a result of the
Philippine American
War, a sequel to the
Spanish American
War, Spain ceded the
Philippines to the
United States for $20
million.
American Atrocities
 To suppress Filipino
insurgency, the American
military forcibly relocated
or burned villages,
imprisoned or killed noncombatant civilians, and
used vicious torture
techniques (including the
water cure) on suspected
insurgents.
U.S. victory over Spain elevated the American
position in the world.
•
Spain gave up all claims to Cuba.
• The United States gained territory in Puerto Rico
and Guam.
• Spain turned over the Philippines for $20 million.
• Territorial gains strengthened the military and
economic position of the United States.
Philippine Independence
 During the war, more
than 4,000 American
soldiers, about 20,000
Filipino fighters, and an
estimated 200,000
Filipino civilians died.
After a long struggle, the
Filipinos received their
independence in 1946.
The Annexation of Hawaii
 In 1893, a small group of
sugar and pineapple-growing
businessmen, backed by the
U.S. military, deposed
Hawaii's queen, seized 1.75
million acres of land, and
conspired for U.S. annexation
of the islands, which was
achieved in 1898. Hawaii
became a state in 1959.
The Open Door Policy gives the United States
an equal footing in China.
• European powers gained spheres of influence in
China.
• The United States feared it would be shut out of the
valuable China trade.
• Secretary of State John Hay proposed the Open Door
Policy, giving all nations equal trading rights in China.
• Increased foreign presence in China led to the Boxer
Rebellion.
• Western nations cooperated to quell the rebellion and
continue exploitation of Chinese trade.
Theodore Roosevelt
Because of his part in
the war, Theodore
Roosevelt was a very
popular man. He
quickly was elected to
public positions and
soon became the Vice
President of the United
States. When President
McKinley was
assassinated in 1901,
Theodore Roosevelt
became the new
President of the United
States.
The Roosevelt Corollary
 In 1904, when Germany
demanded a port in the
Dominican Republic as
compensation for an unpaid
loan, Theodore Roosevelt
announced the Roosevelt
Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine, declaring that the United States would be
the policeman of the Caribbean and Central America.
The Roosevelt Corollary
Background
The Roosevelt Corollary
• The United States pledged to
 The Monroe Doctrine,
use force to prevent
proclaimed in 1823, declared the
Western Hemisphere off-limits to European countries from
seizing Dominican territory.
European nations.
• The United States took
 After the Spanish-American War, control of collecting
presidents backed up the Monroe Dominican customs duties.
Doctrine with military strength.
• The Corollary was issued
 In 1904, the Dominican Republic without seeking approval
from any Latin American
could not pay back European
nation.
lenders. To prevent Europeans
from using force to collect the
debt, Roosevelt issued the
Roosevelt Corollary.
• The Roosevelt Corollary
succeeded in bringing more
stability to the region.
The Panama Canal
President Roosevelt saw the need for a
shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans and began the process that would
build the Panama Canal. For years people
had talked about the possibility of such a
canal and the French had attempted one
years earlier, but were unsuccessful. Thick
jungles and disease were major problems.
Another problem arose when Columbia
refused to sell the isthmus of Panama to the
US.
Interventions in Western Hemisphere
 To enforce order, forestall
foreign intervention, and protect
economic interests, the United
States intervened in the
Caribbean and Central America
some twenty times over the next
quarter century -- in Cuba, the
Dominican Republic, Haiti,
Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama.
American Support of Dictators
 Each intervention
put into power a
dictator supportive
of American
interests (Somoza in
Nicaragua, Trujillo
in the Dominican
Republic, and
Duvalier in Haiti).
Somoza
Protection of American Interests
 On the whole, the United
States’ actions in Latin
America protected US
commercial and strategic
interests, but the goal of
spreading democracy went
mostly unfulfilled. The
frequent use of military force
also engendered widespread
resentment in the region.
Acquisition of Alaska
 The exception to the rule
was Alaska. In 1867, Sec.
of State William Steward
arranged to buy Alaska
from the Russians for
$7.2 million. Rich in
natural resources (timber,
minerals, and oil), Alaska
was a bargain at two
cents per acre.