Transcript the united states in world war ii

THE UNITED STATES
IN WORLD WAR II
The U.S. helps lead
the Allies to victory in
World War II, but only
after dropping atomic
bombs on Japan.
American veterans
discover new
economic
opportunities, but
also simmering social
tensions.
Learning Objectives:
Mobilizing for Defense
• 1. Explain how the United States expanded
its armed forces in World War II.
• 2. Describe the wartime mobilization of
industry, labor, scientists, and the media.
• 3. Trace the efforts of the U.S. government
to control the economy and deal with
alleged subversion.
SECTION
1
Mobilizing for Defense
Americans Join the War Effort
Selective Service and the GI
• After Pearl Harbor, 5 million men volunteer for
military service
• 10 million more drafted to meet needs of
two-front war
Expanding the Military
• General George Marshall—Army Chief of Staff—
calls for women’s corps
• Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)—
women in noncombat positions
• Thousands enlist; “auxiliary” dropped, get full
U. S. army benefits
Continued . . .
NEXT
SECTION 1: MOBILIZING FOR
DEFENSE
• After Japan attacked Pearl
Harbor, they thought
America would avoid
further conflict with them
• The Japan Times
newspaper said America
was “trembling in their
shoes”
• But if America was
trembling, it was with rage,
not fear
• “Remember Pearl Harbor”
was the rallying cry as
America entered WWII
Chapter 17 Section 1
MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
• A – How did the American response to
the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor
differ from Japanese expectations?
– The Japanese expected the United States
to act like a defeated nation.
– Instead enraged Americans mobilized for
war.
AMERICANS RUSH TO ENLIST
• After Pearl Harbor five million Americans enlisted
to fight in the war
• The Selective Service expanded the draft and
eventually provided an additional 10 million
soldiers
• B – What difficulties did women and
minorities face in the wartime work
force?
– Women and minorities faced
discrimination.
– Some defense plants refused to hire
blacks.
– Women were not paid as much as men.
WOMEN JOIN THE FIGHT
• Army Chief of Staff
General George
Marshall pushed for
the formation of the
Women’s Auxiliary
Army Corps (WAAC)
• Under this program
women worked in
non-combat roles
such as nurses,
ambulance drivers,
radio operators, and
pilots
Mobilization on the Home Front
1. Selective Service System
Instituted the draft, providing the
country with about 10 million soldiers
2. Women
Thousands served in the WAAC and
other auxiliary branches; 6 million
went to work in war industries.
• C – Why did President Roosevelt
create the OSRD, and what did it do?
– To bring scientists into the war effort;
– It developed improvements in radar and
sonar, pesticides, and “miracle drugs.”
– It also launched the Manhattan project to
create an atomic bomb.
SECTION
1
continued
Americans Join the War Effort
Recruiting and Discrimination
• Minority groups are denied basic citizenship rights
• Question whether they should fight for democracy in
other countries
Dramatic Contributions
• 300,000 Mexican Americans join armed forces
• 1 million African Americans serve; live, work in
segregated units
• 13,000 Chinese Americans and 33,000 Japanese
Americans serve
• 25,000 Native Americans enlist
NEXT
ALL AMERICANS FOUGHT
These “Golden 13”
Great Lakes
officers scored the
highest marks ever
on the Officers
exam in 1944
Chinese American
• Francis Brown Wai
(April 14, 1917 –
October 20, 1944) was
a captain in the United
States Army and
received the Medal of
Honor for actions
during the recapture of
the Philippines from
Japan in 1944.
Korean American
•
Colonel Young-Oak Kim (Korean:,
1919 – December 29, 2005), a
highly-decorated U.S. Army
combat veteran of World War II
and the Korean War. He was a
member of the U.S. 100th Infantry
Battalion and 442nd Regimental
Combat Team, and a combat
leader in Italy and France during
World War II. He was awarded 19
medals, including the Distinguished
Service Cross, two Silver Stars,
two Bronze Stars, three Purple
Hearts, a Bronze Medal of Military
Valor, a Légion d'honneur, a Croix
de guerre, and (posthumously) the
Korean Taeguk Cordon of the
Order of Military Merit.
• PFC Guy Gabaldon
• Private First Class
Guy Gabaldon was
a young Marine who
single-handedly
persuaded more
than 1,000 enemy
civilians and troops
to surrender.
• On August 13, 1945,
1st Lt. Oscar
Perdomo
– shot down four enemy
planes, the five
confirmed victories
made him an "Ace in a
Day" and earned him
the distinction of being
the last "Ace" of World
War II.
• Private Joseph Pantillion
Martinez (July 27, 1920–May
26, 1943) born in Taos, New
Mexico, was a United States
Army soldier who
posthumously received the
Medal of Honor — the United
States' highest military
decoration —- for his actions
on the Aleutian Islands
during World War II. Private
Joseph P. Martinez was the
first Hispanic-American and
first Coloradan[1] to receive
the Medal of Honor during
World War II. His
posthumous award was the
first act for combat heroism
on American soil (other than
the 15 at Pearl Harbor) since
the Indian Wars.[2]
Tuskegee Airmen
• The Tuskegee Airmen is the popular name
of a group of African-American pilots who
fought in World War II.
The 92nd Infantry Division was
a unit of the United States Army
in World War I and World War II.
• For his "gallant and
courageous actions, at the
supreme sacrifice of his own
life,“ Fox was posthumously
awarded the Medal of Honor.
His widow, the former Arlene
Marrow of Brockton,
Massachusetts, received his
medal from President Bill
Clinton in a White House
ceremony on January 13,
1997. On that day, Clinton
also awarded the medal to six
other previously neglected
African American World War
II veterans, including Vernon
Baker, who was the only one
living when awarded.
442nd Infantry
Go For Broke!
• The 442nd Regimental Combat
Team was the most decorated
unit for its size and length of
service in the history of
American warfare. The 4,000
men who initially came in April
1943 had to be replaced nearly
2.5 times. In total, about 14,000
men served, ultimately earning
9,486 Purple Hearts. The unit
was awarded an unprecedented
eight Presidential Unit
Citations.[53] Twenty-one of its
members were awarded Medals
Barney Fushimi Hajiro
of Honor.[54] Members of the
442nd received 18,143 awards,
(September 16, 1916 –
January 21, 2011)
• D – What basic problems were the
OPA and WPB created to solve?
– Controlling inflation, managing
shortages, and making sure that the
armed forces and war industries got the
resources they needed.
Mobilization on the Home Front
3. Minorities
More than 300,000 Mexican Americans,
more than a million Africans Americans,
tens of thousands of Asian Americans
and Native Americans enlisted in the armed
forces.
SECTION
1
A Production Miracle
The Industrial Response
• Factories convert from civilian to war production
• Shipyards, defense plants expand, new ones built
• Produce ships, arms rapidly
- use prefabricated parts
- people work at record speeds
Continued . . .
NEXT
A PRODUCTION MIRACLE
• Americans converted
their auto industry
into a war industry
• The nation’s
automobile plants
began to produce
tanks, planes, boats,
and command cars
• Many other industries
also converted to warrelated supplies
SECTION
1
continued
A Production Miracle
Labor’s Contribution
• Nearly 18 million workers in war industries;
6 million are women
• Over 2 million minorities hired; face strong
discrimination at first
• A. Philip Randolph, head of Brotherhood of
Sleeping Car Porters
• Organizes march on D.C.; FDR executive order
forbids discrimination
Mobilization of Scientists
• Office of Scientific Research and Development—
technology, medicine
• Manhattan Project develops atomic bomb
NEXT
LABOR’S CONTRIBUTION
• By 1944, nearly 18
million workers
were laboring in
war industries (3x
the # in 1941)
• More than 6 million
of these were
women and nearly
2 million were
minority
Mobilization on the Home Front
4. Manufacturers
Converted factories to production of war
goods; built and expanded shipyards and
defense plants
5. A. Phillip Randolph
Organized a march on Washington that
forced President Roosevelt to issue an
executive order calling on employers and
labor unions in defense industries to stop
discriminating against workers
MOBILIZATION OF
SCIENTISTS
• In 1941, FDR created
the Office of Scientific
Research and
Development (OSRD)
to bring scientists into
the war effort
• Focus was on radar
and sonar to locate
submarines
• Also the scientists
worked on penicillin
and pesticides like
DDT
MANHATTAN PROJECT
• The most important
achievement of the
OSRD was the secret
development of the
atomic bomb
• Einstein wrote to FDR
warning him that the
Germans were
attempting to develop
such a weapon
• The code used to
describe American
efforts to build the
bomb was the
“Manhattan Project”
Mobilization on the Home Front
6. OSRD
Spurred improvements in radar and sonar;
Encouraged the use of pesticides;
Miracle drugs, penicillin
Developed the atomic bomb
SECTION
1
The Federal Government Takes Control
Economic Controls
• Office of Price Administration (OPA) freezes
prices, fights inflation
• Higher taxes, purchase of war bonds lower
demand for scarce goods
• War Production Board (WPB) says which
companies convert production
- allocates raw materials
- organizes collection of recyclable materials
Rationing
• Rationing—fixed allotments of goods needed
by military
NEXT
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
TAKES CONTROL OF
INFLATION
• With prices of goods
threatening to rise out
of control, FDR
responded by creating
the Office of Price
Administration (OPA)
• The OPA froze prices
on most goods and
encouraged the
purchase of war
bonds to fight
inflation
WAR PRODUCTION BOARD
• To ensure the troops
had ample resources,
FDR created the WPB
• The WPB decided
which companies
would convert to
wartime production
and how to best
allocate raw materials
to those industries
COLLECTION DRIVES
• The WPB also
organized nationwide
drives to collect scrap
iron, tin cans, paper,
rags and cooking fat
for recycling
• Additionally, the OPA
set up a system of
rationing
• Households had set
allocations of scarce
goods – gas, meat,
shoes, sugar, coffee
Hollywood Enters WWII
Mobilization on the Home Front
7. Entertainment Industry
Churned out war-oriented propaganda
films; created opportunities to escape from
the grim realities of war for a few hours
8. Office of Price Administration (OPA)
Fought inflation by freezing prices on most
goods; set up a system for rationing scarce
goods
WWII Poster
encouraging
conservation
Mobilization on the Home Front
9. War Production Board (WPB)
Oversaw the conversion from peacetime to
wartime production; allocated raw
materials to key industries; organized
nationwide scrap drives
10. Rationing
Reduced consumption of energy, goods, and
supplies deemed essential for the military