Transcript the united states in world war ii

Standard Addressed:
CH 17-SEC 1
11.7 Students analyze America’s
participation in World War II.
Lesson Objectives: Section 1 Mobilizing for Defense
• 1. Explain how the United States expanded its
armed forces in World War II.
• 2. Describe the wartime mobilization of industry,
labor, scientists, and the media.
• 3. Trace the efforts of the U.S. government to
control the economy and deal with alleged
subversion.
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CH-17-1
THE UNITED STATES
IN WORLD WAR II
The U.S.
enters the
war after
Pearl Harbor.
MOBILIZING FOR DEFENSE
• After Japan attacked Pearl
Harbor, they thought
America would avoid further
conflict with them
• The Japan Times
newspaper said America
was “trembling in their
shoes”
• But if America was
trembling, it was with rage,
not fear
• “Remember Pearl Harbor”
was the rallying cry as
America entered WWII
AMERICANS RUSH TO ENLIST
Selective Service and the GI
• After Pearl Harbor, 5 million men volunteer for
military service
• 10 million more drafted to meet needs of
two-front war
Chapter 17 Section 1
MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
• A – How did the American response to
the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor
differ from Japanese expectations?
– The Japanese expected the United States
to act like a defeated nation.
– Instead enraged Americans mobilized for
war.
GUIDED READING:
Mobilization on the Home Front
1. Selective Service System
Instituted the draft, providing the
country with about 10 million
soldiers
Expanding the Military
• Army Chief of Staff
General George
Marshall pushed for
the formation of the
Women’s Auxiliary
Army Corps
(WAAC)
WOMEN JOIN THE FIGHT
• Under this program
women worked in
non-combat roles
such as nurses,
ambulance
drivers, radio
operators, and
pilots
• B – What difficulties did women and
minorities face in the wartime work
force?
– Women and minorities faced
discrimination.
– Some defense plants refused to hire
blacks.
– Women were not paid as much as men.
GUIDED READING:
GUIDED
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Mobilization on the Home Front
Mobilization on the Home Front
2. Women
Thousands served in the WAAC and
other auxiliary branches;
6 million went to work in war industries.
• C – Why did President Roosevelt
create the OSRD, and what did it do?
– To bring scientists into the war effort;
– It developed improvements in radar and
sonar, pesticides, and “miracle drugs.”
– It also launched the Manhattan project to
create an atomic bomb.
Recruiting and Discrimination
• Minority groups are denied basic citizenship rights
• Question whether they should fight for democracy in other countries
Dramatic Contributions
• 1 out of every 5 adult males
• 300,000 Mexican Americans join
armed forces
• 13,000 Chinese Americans
serve
• 33,000 Japanese Americans
serve
• 25,000 Native Americans enlist
• 1 million African Americans
serve; live, work in
segregated units
NEXT
ALL AMERICANS FOUGHT
Chinese Americans
• Francis Brown Wai
(April 14, 1917 –
October 20, 1944) was
a captain in the United
States Army and
received the Medal of
Honor for actions
during the recapture of
the Philippines from
Japan in 1944.
Mexican Americans
• Private First Class
Guy Gabaldon was
a young Marine who
single-handedly
persuaded more
than 1,000 enemy
civilians and troops
to surrender.
• On August 13, 1945,
1st Lt. Oscar
Perdomo
– shot down four enemy
planes, the five
confirmed victories
made him an "Ace in a
Day" and earned him
the distinction of being
the last "Ace" of World
War II.
• Private Joseph Pantillion
Martinez (July 27, 1920–May
26, 1943) born in Taos, New
Mexico, was a United States
Army soldier who
posthumously received the
Medal of Honor — the United
States' highest military
decoration —- for his actions
on the Aleutian Islands
during World War II. Private
Joseph P. Martinez was the
first Hispanic-American and
first Coloradan[1] to receive
the Medal of Honor during
World War II. His
posthumous award was the
first act for combat heroism
on American soil (other than
the 15 at Pearl Harbor) since
the Indian Wars.[2]
African Americans
• JOHN FOX 1ST LT>
• For his "gallant and
courageous actions, at the
supreme sacrifice of his own
life,“ Fox was posthumously
awarded the Medal of Honor.
His widow, the former Arlene
Marrow of Brockton,
Massachusetts, received his
medal from President Bill
Clinton in a White House
ceremony on January 13,
1997. On that day, Clinton
also awarded the medal to six
other previously neglected
African American World War
II veterans, including Vernon
Baker, who was the only one
living when awarded.
Tuskegee Airmen
• The Tuskegee Airmen is the popular name
of a group of African-American pilots who
fought in World War II.
The 92nd Infantry Division was
a unit of the United States Army
in World War I and World War II.
442nd Infantry
Go For Broke!
Korean Americans
• Colonel Young-Oak Kim (Korean:,
1919 – December 29, 2005), a
highly-decorated U.S. Army
combat veteran of World War II
and the Korean War. He was a
member of the U.S. 100th Infantry
Battalion and 442nd Regimental
Combat Team, and a combat
leader in Italy and France during
World War II. He was awarded 19
medals, including the
Distinguished Service Cross, two
Silver Stars, two Bronze Stars,
three Purple Hearts, a Bronze
Medal of Military Valor, a Légion
d'honneur, a Croix de guerre, and
(posthumously) the Korean Taeguk
Cordon of the Order of Military
Merit.
Japanese Americans
• Barney Fushimi
Hajiro
• Medal of Honor
• (September 16,
1916 – January 21,
2011)
Japanese Americans
• The 442nd Regimental Combat Team was the most
decorated unit for its size and length of service in
the history of American warfare.
• The 4,000 men who initially came in April 1943 had
to be replaced nearly 2.5 times. In total, about
14,000 men served, ultimately earning
– 9,486 Purple Hearts.
– The unit was awarded an unprecedented eight Presidential
Unit Citations.
– Twenty-one of its members were awarded Medals of
Honor.
• Members of the 442nd received 18,143 awards,
Wind Talkers
Windtalkers was the code name
given to the Navajo Indian code
talkers employed by United States
military intelligence during World
War II. Agents developed several
encryption methods and code
systems during the war, but a
code based on the ancient Navajo
language was one of a two-man
team of Navajo code talkers
attached to a marine regiment in
the Pacific relay orders over the
field radio using their native
Navajo language, a particularly
effective code used during World
War II
• D – What basic problems were the
OPA and WPB created to solve?
– Controlling inflation, managing
shortages, and making sure that the
armed forces and war industries got the
resources they needed.
GUIDED READING:
GUIDED
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Mobilization on the Home Front
Mobilization on the Home Front
3. Minorities
More than 300,000 Mexican Americans,
more than a million Africans Americans,
tens of thousands of Asian Americans
and Native Americans enlisted in the armed
forces.
WAR PRODUCTION BOARD
• To ensure the troops
had ample resources,
FDR created the WPB
• The WPB decided
which companies
would convert to
wartime production
and how to best
allocate raw materials
to those industries
Americans converted their auto industry into a war industry
Factories convert from civilian to war production.
What do you think this became?
Many other industries also converted to war-related supplies
• Produce ships, arms rapidly
- use prefabricated parts
- people work at record speeds
The nation’s automobile plants began to produce tanks,
planes, boats, and command cars
• Shipyards, defense plants expand, new ones built
GUIDED READING:
GUIDED
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Mobilization on the Home Front
Mobilization on the Home Front
4. Manufacturers
Converted factories to production of war
goods;
built and expanded shipyards and defense
plants
LABOR’S CONTRIBUTION
• By 1944, nearly 18
million workers were
laboring in war
industries (3x the # in
1941)
• More than 6 million of
these were women
and nearly 2 million
were minority
– face strong
discrimination at first
Labor’s Contributions
• The war ends
the Great
Depression
The 1943 Post Cover
by Norman Rockwell.
Copyright by the Curtis
Publishing Company
and reproduced here
with their kind
permission.
Civil Rights Advances
• A. Phillip Randolph
• Organizes march on
D.C.;
• FDR signs Fair
Employment Practices
Exec Order
•
FDR executive order forbids
discrimination
• Start of Modern
Civil Rights Movement
Problems for Working Women




Hostile reaction from other men
Restricted fraternization
No child care
Wage discrepancies for equal
work

Willow Run in 1945
Women = $2,928 per year
 Men = $3,363 per year

GUIDED READING:
GUIDED
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Mobilization on the Home Front
Mobilization on the Home Front
5. A. Phillip Randolph
Organized a march on Washington that
forced President Roosevelt to issue an
executive order calling defense
industries to stop discriminating
against workers
MOBILIZATION OF
SCIENTISTS
• In 1941, FDR created
the Office of Scientific
Research and
Development (OSRD)
to bring scientists into
the war effort
• Focus was on radar
and sonar to locate
submarines
• Also the scientists
worked on penicillin
and pesticides like
DDT
MANHATTAN PROJECT
• The most important
achievement of the
OSRD was the secret
development of the
atomic bomb
• Einstein wrote to FDR
warning him that the
Germans were
attempting to develop
such a weapon
• The code used to
describe American efforts
to build the bomb was
the “Manhattan Project”
GUIDED
READING:
GUIDED READING:
Mobilization
on
the
Home
Front
Mobilization on the Home Front
6. Office of Scientific Research and
Development (OSRD)
Spurred improvements in radar and sonar;
Encouraged the use of pesticides;
Miracle drugs, penicillin
Developed the atomic bomb
Hollywood Enters
WWII
Hollywood Enters WWII
GUIDED READING:
GUIDED
READING:
Mobilization on the Home Front
Mobilization on the Home Front
7. Entertainment Industry
Churned out war-oriented propaganda
films;
created opportunities to escape from the
grim realities of war for a few hours
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TAKES
CONTROL OF INFLATION
• With prices of
goods threatening
to rise out of
control, FDR
responded by
creating the
Office of Price
Administration
(OPA)
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TAKES
CONTROL OF INFLATION
• The OPA froze prices
on most goods and
encouraged the
purchase of war bonds
to fight inflation
GUIDED READING:
GUIDED
READING:
Mobilization on the Home Front
Mobilization on the Home Front
8. Office of Price Administration (OPA)
Fought inflation by freezing prices on most
goods;
set up a system for rationing scarce goods
COLLECTION
DRIVES
• The WPB also organized nationwide
drives to collect scrap iron, tin cans,
paper, rags and cooking fat for recycling
Lady’s Silk Stockings –
for what?
COLLECTION DRIVES
• Households
had set
allocations of
scarce goods –
gas, meat,
shoes, sugar,
coffee
GUIDED READING:
GUIDED
READING:
Mobilization on the Home Front
Mobilization on the Home Front
9. War Production Board (WPB)
Oversaw the conversion from peacetime to
wartime production;
allocated raw materials to key industries;
organized nationwide scrap drives
Additionally, the Office of Price Administration (OPA)
set up a system of rationing
Rationing
• Rationing—fixed allotments of goods needed by military
WWII Poster
encouraging
conservation
GUIDED READING:
GUIDED
READING:
Mobilization on the Home Front
Mobilization on the Home Front
10. Rationing
Reduced consumption of energy, goods, and
supplies deemed essential for the military
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CH-17-1