Transcript Chapter 7 PowerPoint

The Life, times, presidency, and dichotomy of a founding
father
•Born in Virginia
•Graduate of William and
Mary College
•A practicing lawyer and
member of Virginia’s House of
Burgesses
•Father of the Declaration of
Independence
•Secretary of State under
President Washington
•Vice President under Adams
Anti-British/Pro-French
•Almost allied with England and went to war with France
to force Napoleon out of New Orleans.
Against slavery
•Owned 200 slaves
Strict Construction of Constitution
•Used loose construction of Constitution to justify his
purchase of the Louisiana territory
Jefferson realized that “ideas” are often hard to
put into practice in the “real world”.
 Two men ran for the
party nomination:
Thomas Jefferson
and Aaron Burr.
Jefferson & Burr received an
equal number of votes in the
Electoral College
This meant that the Federalistdominated House of
Representatives was required to
choose a president
 Hamilton disagreed on most
issues Jefferson stood on
 Hamilton personally disliked
Jefferson and believed Burr to
be “a most unfit and dangerous
man.”
 It took 35 ballots, but Jefferson
finally won.
John S. Adams
Federalist
Thomas Jefferson
Democratic/Republican
Significance of Election of 1800
• Peaceful transfer of power from one political party to
another (bloodless revolution)
• “Revolutionary” achievement
• Jefferson referred to his victory and the subsequent changeover as “the bloodless revolution”
Election of 1800: For the second time, a president was
saddled with a vice-president he did not want
Federalists
Democratic Republicans
Adams--Pres---65
Jefferson---Pres.---73
Burr---VP----73
2. To eliminate future problems
12th Amendment: Requires electors to specify which
person they want for President and VP on separate
ballots so their would never be a tie.
electoral
college
Jefferson integrated
democratic principles into
presidency, including
walking, pell-mell dining,
casual dress


Set precedent of sending
messages to Congress to be
read, rather than speaking
himself
Jefferson dismissed few
Federalist appointments,
used very little patronage,
consistent with conciliatory
inaugural address


Jefferson as politician used
personal charm to sway
• New type of democracy
• Champion for the common
man
• Believed education would
prepare citizens for
participation in government
• Believed education the
key to social mobility
• Educated should rule
(sound familiar?)
•
•
Continued to
uphold the
treaties signed
by Adams&
Washington
Followed policy
of neutrality
•
Did not attack
tariffs, Bank,
funding at par,
or assumption
of debt
WHY?
• Felt Federalist diplomats signed
good treaties with England, Spain,
France, and kept US out of war.
• The Bank of the United States
was helping to get the country out
of debt
• Federalists preserved
democratic gains, while fending
off anarchy
• Wanted to help 2-party system
by showing that defeat (for
Federalists) didn’t mean disaster
Jefferson axed a few Federalist policies
• Pardoned those
convicted under
expired Sedition
Act
• Reduced
residency
requirement for
citizenship back
to 5 years
 Under Hamilton, the government had
borrowed money to finance national
growth
 He thought debt was a good thing: If the
government borrowed from its rich
citizens, those citizens would have a vested
interest in the country’s growth
 Jefferson decided to abandon this
policy, trimmed the federal budget,
and cut taxes, all of which he
succeeded in doing.
•Jefferson’s Presidency is
considered a transitional period in
US History.
•Many historians look at this time
period as the beginning of the true
democracy.
• TJ believed the National
Government became too powerful
during Adam’s Presidency
•Would try to reduce National
Govt. power but actually expands
Presidential power.
KING GEORGE
FEDERALISTS
JEFFERSON
•Visualized an agrarian society
•Feared industrialization and its effects
•Farmers were the chosen class.
•Laissez faire--govt. stays out of people’s
lives
•Felt slavery would eventually end but predicted it would
divide country
•Ultimate goal: African Americans would assimilate into
American society
•Co-existence with Native Americans was a long range
goal but felt they would have to learn agricultural ways
and become self-sufficient
•For the time being, felt Native Americans & whites could
not co-exist and worked towards voluntary removal of
tribes to western lands
•In 1800, France & Spain signed
secret pacts & France acquires
Louisiana & New Orleans
French Land in
1801
•Great Britain’s
land after 1783
•United States in
1783
•Spanish land
• New Orleans is a
highly desirable
port. WHY?
The French and Spanish developed this port city during the
eighteenth century.
By century's end many in the United States saw New
Orleans as a key to the new nation's future expansion and
prosperity.
• Jefferson knew that the French would use their New
Orleans’ strategic location to restrict American trade along
the river
•He offered to buy New Orleans and as much of the
Mississippi Valley as possible from France ($10 million)
•Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave led a slave rebellion in
French Haiti.
•Napoleon was unable to put down this rebellion. He had wanted
to use this island as stepping stone into America
•Forced him to abandon his dream of a French America.
• Since Napoleon lost Haiti & was
at war with Great Britain, he
offered the entire Louisiana
Territory to US for $15 million
• Jefferson authorizes the
purchased of the Louisiana
Territory, making it an excellent
bargain (about 3 cents an acre)
•Doubled the size of the US
• Considered Jefferson’s greatest
accomplishment
•Why? Didn’t fight a war; no
blood shed.
Map 7 of 45
Expansion of the United States
with Louisiana Purchase 1803
 In 1805, the British and
French were at war and at a
stalemate. In an effort to gain
an advantage, each side began
blockading the other’s trade
routes.
• The US, dependent on both as trade partners,
suffered greatly from the blockades.
• To add insult to injury, the British began
stopping American ships and impressing them
again
Chesapeake affair
•1807, the USS Chesapeake was sent to protect US merchant ships 10 miles off
the coast of Virginia.
•A British ship in the region ordered it to stop, but it refused.
•British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered
•3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed
Chesapeake article
Regarding the Chesapeake
Affair, the Washington
Federalist reported,
“We have never, on any
occasion, witnessed the spirit
of the people excited to so
great a degree of
indignation, or such a thirst
for revenge, as on hearing of
the late unexampled outrage
on the Chesapeake. All
parties, ranks and
professions were unanimous
in their detestation of the
dastardly deed, and all cried
aloud for vengeance.”
Most Americans were angered over this incident and
public opinion was to go to war with the British
• He decided to boycott by convincing Congress
to pass the Embargo Act of 1807.
•This cut off trade with all foreign nations
•By cutting off trade with them, he hoped that it
would force them to respect US neutrality (aka
economic coercion)
While boycotting, he decided to
increase military & naval expenditures
• Embargo Act hurt the US because it basically shut down
America’s import and export business, causing disastrous
economic results
• New England’s economy collapsed (talks of secession
started), and smuggling became widespread
• Jefferson thus repealed the unsuccessful Embargo Act
and did not run again for president.
• Born in Virginia, 1755
• Served as an officer with General
Washington during the Revolution
• Attended College of William and
Mary and became a practicing
attorney.
• 2nd cousin of Thomas Jefferson.
• Marshall became a committed Federalist where his court
decisions would reflect the need for a strong national
government over the states.
• Dominated court for 34 years, long after Federalist party
died out.
How economic pressures, national pride, and
strange alliances brought war to a young nation.
The Napoleonic Wars
•
•
•
•
France and Britain or long time mortal enemies
Both are in an arms race with each other
Navies compete for control of the seas
Napoleon becomes emperor and the Napoleonic Wars
begin (1803)
• Jefferson tries to keep the United States out of the war
The closing of Markets to American
goods
• America becomes the shipping leader of
European/American goods between the U.S.
and Europe in the late 1700’s and early 1800’s
• Battle of Trafalgar destroys the French Navy
• In response Napoleon tries to disrupt British
trade through the “Continental System” a series
of laws and embargos that forbade British
merchants and its allies from trading in French
controlled ports
• Puts U.S. in a tough spot
• In response Britain establishes a blockade
keeping American Ships from the European
Continent trying to cut supplies to the French
British Impressment of American Sailors
• Britain has lots of ships but not enough sailors
• Conditions on British ships are awful “Floating Hell”
• Many British Sailors abandon ship and desert to the
American Navy or to American merchant ships.
• British Navy turns to “impressment” to man their ships
• British ships start searching American ships for deserters
• Americans are enraged
Chesapeake-Leopard Incident
• The British Ship Leopard
attempts to board the
American Navy Ship
Chesapeake looking for
alleged deserters
• Chesapeake refuses, and
the Leopard fires on the
American Ship
• Chesapeake surrenders and
the British board her and
take four men off her decks
• Americans are outraged,
Jefferson orders British
Navy ships out of American
Waters, and demands that
the British renounce
Impressement…Britain
refuses
The Embargo Act
• To keep the United States out of the war between
France and Britain, Jefferson passes the Embargo
Act of 1807 which prohibits American ships from
leaving the U.S. for any foreign port.
• He calls the act a “Peaceable Coersion”
• This law is hated by the people of the New
England, many of whom rely on foreign shipping,
and many of whom are Federalists. They believe
Jefferson has acted “Unconstitutionally”
• A depression is caused as a result of the Embargo
• Nicknamed the “Ograbme Act”
The Non-Intercourse Act
• Replaces the Embargo Act and reopens trade
to all nations EXCEPT Britain and France.
(America’s largest trading partners…by far)
• This was equally as unpopular and a year
later it was repealed and trade with Britain
and France was reopened.
• Because of the economic depression in New
England, industry takes root to offset the loss
in revenue from merchant naval trading
Native American Resistance to U.S. Western
Expansion and British Involvement
• Native Americans are frustrated over ever dwindling
land and trade roads from white expansion Westward
past the Mississippi
• Native Americans form alliances between tribes
• These alliances threaten white settlements
• Native Americans also form alliances with the British,
the French and the Spanish to help support them (with
guns, ammunition, and supplies) in their attempt at
curbing American expansion West.
• The British make deals with the Indians trading
weapons and supplies for their assistance in keeping
American’s out of Canada.
Tecumseh and the battle of Tippecanoe
• William Henry Harrison goes to Congress and pushes
legislation that allows settlers easier access to land
ownership in the Midwest territories. He will soon
become Governor of the Indiana Territory.
• Jefferson gave Indians a choice… Assimilate to white
culture or move west.
“All men are created equal…”
Tenskwatwa
Tecumseh
• Tenskwatawa—also
known as “The Prophet”
leads a religious/political
revolution among Indians
that means to preserve
Indian culture by rejecting
white culture.
• Tecumseh—The
Prophets brother, and
chief of the Shawnees,
unifies the tribes of the
Midwest to stand up to
white westward
expansion and William
Henry Harrison
Battle of Tippecanoe
• Upon learning that Tecumseh had left
camp, Harrison lead a brigade of
soldiers to clear out the Indians from
Prophetstown, Indiana.
• Indians suffer heavy losses and lose
faith in The Prophet who they thought
would protect them.
War Hawks
• Many Congressman from both parties wanted
war with Britain over control of Canada, and
with Spain (Britain’s ally) over control of
Florida.
• These people were called “War Hawks”
• Two such men became Speaker of the House
of Representatives and Congressman and
Chair of the Committee of Foreign Affairs
Committee, two positions that had great
influence over the course of action the
country would take in 1812.
These two men were…
William Henry Clay
These two men were…
John C. Calhoun
Anybody See A
Resemblance?