Transcript 10th American History Unit IV

Exploring American History
Unit VIII- Boom Times and Challenges
Chapter 26
Section 4
The War in the Pacific
War in the Pacific
The Big Idea
Allied forces reversed Japan’s expansion in the Pacific and
battled toward the main Japanese islands.
Main Ideas
• The Japanese continued advancing across the Pacific in
1942.
• The Allies stopped Japan’s advance with key victories over
the Japanese navy.
• The Allies began battling toward Japan.
Doolittle’s Raid on Tokyo
• April 18, 1942
• Carrier launched B-25’s
attack Tokyo
• Not much damage but
lifted U.S. morale.
Allied Advances in the Pacific
James Doolittle
• Army Lieutenant Colonel
• Led a group of 16 American bombers on a daring air raid
of Tokyo and several other Japanese cities
• Doolittle’s raid did not do major damage to the Japanese
targets, but it did give the American people something to
celebrate and worried Japan’s leaders.
Fortunes Shift in the Pacific
• Victory in the Battle of Coral Sea
• Victory in the Battle of Midway
The Early War in the Pacific (01:36)
Main Idea 1:
The Japanese continued advancing across the Pacific in
1942.
• Attack on Pearl Harbor left U.S. Pacific fleet weakened.
• Japan advanced and conquered Thailand, Burma, the British
colonies of Hong Kong and Singapore, and the U.S. territories
of Guam and Wake Island.
• Japanese then attacked U.S. controlled Philippines.
– American and Filipino forces under command of American general
Douglas MacArthur. MacArthur’s troops were no match for the
Japanese and he retreated to the Bataan Peninsula. Although he called
for reinforcements, war planners decided sending ships was too risky.
• March 1942– Allied forces surrender Philippines to Japan.
– Japanese march more than 70,000 captured soldiers to prison camps.
– More than 600 Americans and 10,000 Filipinos died when the Japanese
forced them to march through the steaming forests of Bataan. This
became known as the Bataan Death March.
Japan Advances
• Identify – Who was Douglas
MacArthur?
• Recall – Which nations
unsuccessfully tried to defend
Hong Kong?
• Explain – What was the Bataan
Death March?
Main Idea 2:
The Allies stopped Japan’s advance with
key victories over the Japanese navy.
• Allies feared continued Japanese
advance.
• Americans were able to break Japanese
codes (Magic) and discovered battle
plans.
• American admiral Chester Nimitz led the
U.S. Pacific Fleet in Allied response.
Key Victories in the Pacific
Battle of the
Coral Sea
Battle of Midway
• Japanese
planned assault
on Port
Moresby, New
Guinea.
• Japanese
planned surprise
attack on Midway
Islands.
• Allies began
recapturing
Japanese
territory.
• June 4, 1942–
Japanese attack
and American
fighters launch
• August 1942–
American
Marines
invade
Guadalcanal.
• American and
Japanese
aircraft
carriers and
fighter planes
clashed.
• No clear victor,
but Japanese
advance halted
• American
bombers
destroy four
carriers and
severely
weaken
Japanese naval
power.
• Allied victory
Guadalcanal
• Six months of
intense
fighting
• February 1943–
Allied victory
Battle of the Coral Sea- May 7+8 , 1942
• Japanese- Adm. Yamamoto
– Force a major sea battle to
destroy the Allied Pacific Fleet
and invade Australia.
– Thus stop any Allied offensive
against Japan.
• Historic Naval battle
– showed Modern Science
– Aircraft carrier v. aircraft carrier
– Tactical victory went to
Japanese- The “box score”
– Strategic victory went to U.S.forcing Japan to stop drive
toward Australia.
– This was the first naval
engagement to take place where
the opposing ships never fired a
shot at each other. Airplane
bombers, fighters and torpedo
bombers.
Battle of Midway- June 4-7, 1942
•
Fought just a month after the Battle
of the Coral Sea, Midway was the
turning point of the Pacific Campaign
•
Yamamoto’s secret plan to surprise
the American ships at Midway
•
With American ships destroyed,
–
Japan could avenge the bombing of the
Japanese home islands.
–
Japan could plug the hole in their Eastern
defensive perimeter and
–
Japan could perhaps even invade and take
Hawaii.
•
The loss of four carriers stopped the
expansion of the Japanese Empire in
the Pacific, and put Japan on the
defensive.
•
Balance of naval power now shifts to
the U.S.A.
The Battle of Midway (01:02)
Prior to this action, Japan
possessed general naval
superiority over the United States
and could usually choose where
and when to attack. After
Midway, the two opposing fleets
were essentially equals, and the
United States soon took the
offensive.
Battle of Midway
Key Allied Victories
• Identify – Where did the Allies
fear the Japanese would
advance?
• Explain – What two advantages
did the United States have with
codes?
Main Idea 3:
The Allies began battling toward Japan.
• Allies go on offensive
– Develop island hopping strategy, where Allied forces took only the most
strategically important islands.
– Win victories in Gilbert, Marshall, Mariana, Volcano, and Bonin Islands.
• October 1944– General MacArthur leads mission to retake
Philippines.
– Confrontation at Battle of Leyte Gulf– largest naval battle in history
– Allies crush Japanese fleet.
– Allied forces drive out all Japanese forces by summer 1945.
• Allied planes begin bombing targets in Japan.
– Japanese refused to surrender.
The United States Military "Island Hops" Towards Japan (00:58)
Allied Progress in the Pacific
1. Gained control of territory in the Solomon Islands to protect
Australia
2. Used powerful combination of land, sea, and air forces to
capture key islands
3. Captured locations in the Gilbert, Marshall, Caroline, and Mariana
islands
4. Took advantage of American industrial power by replacing ships
and aircrafts, which Japan was unable to do
5. European successes allowed more resources to be made
available in the Pacific.
6. Recaptured the Philippines
7. Captured strategic Japanese islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa
The Allies Make Progress
Guadalcanal
• Allies wanted to
gain control of
the Solomon
Islands to
protect Australia.
• Key goal was the
capture of an
island called
Guadalcanal
• American
forces fought
for 6 months
and finally
defeated the
Japanese.
Navajo Code
Talkers
• Hundreds of
Native Americans
of the Navajo
nation served in
the Marines as
code talkers.
• They translated
messages into
a coded
version of the
Navajo
language.
• Japanese codebreakers never
figured it out.
The Philippines
• First major battle
was the Battle of
Leyte Gulf.
• The Allies
destroyed most
of Japan’s fleet.
• Japanese began
using the
kamikaze attack.
• After months of
fighting, the Allies
gained control of
the Philippines.
Battle for Guadalcanal - Aug. 7, 1942
On August 8th, 1942, the Americans
began their first counter-attack in the
Pacific.
The fight for the island was long and
bitter, with both sides attempting to
reinforce their troops. The American
forces, however, were victorious. Finally,
in February 1943, the island was secured.
The naval battle at Guadalcanal, lasting
six months from August, 1942, to
February, 1943, was the longest sea
battle in history. Iron Bottom Sound was
filled with some 100 sunken ships.
Disease played a major role in troop
effectiveness.
August, 1942; The Attack on Guadalcanal (01:07)
Navajo Code Talkers
• The Code Talker's primary job was to talk and transmit
information on tactics, troop movements, orders and
other vital battlefield information via telegraphs and
radios in their native dialect. A major advantage of the
code talker system was its speed.
• Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Peleliu, Iwo Jima: the Navajo code
talkers took part in every assault the U.S. Marines
conducted in the Pacific from 1942 to 1945.
• They served in all six Marine divisions, Marine Raider
battalions and Marine parachute units, transmitting
messages by telephone and radio in their native
language -- a code that the Japanese never broke.
Leyte Gulf and the Philippines
• The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the largest naval battle
in history.
• It was fought during the Pacific Theatre of
Operations PTO of World War II, in the seas
surrounding the Philippine island of Leyte from 23
October to 26 October 1944
• Between the Allies and the Empire of Japan.
• "The Japanese fleet had [effectively] ceased to exist,
and, except by land-based aircraft, their opponents
had won undisputed command of the sea. When
Admiral Ozawa was questioned on the battle after
the war he replied 'After this battle the surface forces
became strictly auxiliary, so that we relied on land
forces, special [Kamikaze] attack, and air power .
. there was no further use assigned to surface
vessels, with the exception of some special ships.'
Final Battles
Iwo Jima
•
February 1945– U.S. Marines storm beaches of Iwo Jima
•
Month of bloody fighting
–
Of 20,000 Japanese defenders, about a thousand were taken prisoner, the rest
were killed or wounded in battle.
–
Around 6,800 Americans killed
Okinawa
• April 1945– U.S. forces attack Okinawa.
• Fighting lasts three months
– Japanese planes use kamikaze tactic– purposely crashing piloted planes into enemy
ships.
– Severe casualties
• Allies: 12,000 dead, 36,000 wounded
• Japan: 110,00 troops and 80,000 civilians dead
Japanese Kamikaze Pilots (00:34)
The Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa (01:07)
Japan Advances
• Recall – What sets the Battle of Leyte
Gulf apart from other naval battles?
• Explain – How did the strategy of
island hopping work?
• Evaluate – What made Iwo-Jima
such a difficult island for U.S. soldiers
to take?
Japan Advances
• Define – What was a kamikaze
mission?
• Draw Conclusions – In what way did
the Japanese contribute to their own
staggering losses?
• Rate – Why do you think the
photograph of the Marines raising the
flag on Mr. Suribachi is still a beloved
image today?