Transcript SECTION 2 - Cloudfront.net

STANDARD(S): 11.4 Students trace
the rise of the United States to its role as
a world power in the twentieth century.
LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT
1. Describe how the United States mobilized for
war.
2. Summarize U.S. battlefield successes.
3. Identify the new weapons and the medical
problems faced in World War I.
4. Describe U.S. offensives and the end of the
war.
Section 2
American Power Tips
the Balance
The United States mobilize a large army and navy
to help the Allies achieve victory.
NEXT
SECTION
2
American Power Tips the Balance
America Mobilizes
Raising an Army
• Selective Service Act—men register, randomly
chosen for service
• African Americans in segregated units, excluded
from navy, marines
• Soldiers train for 8 months, often drill with fake
weapons
• Women in army, navy, marines as nurses
secretaries, phone operators
NEXT
SECTION 2: AMERICAN POWER
TIPS THE BALANCE
 America was not ready for
war – only 200,000 men were
in service when war was
declared
 Congress passed the
Selective Service Act in May
of 1917
 By the end of 1918, 24
million had signed up and
almost 3 million were called
to duty
 About 2 million American
troops reached Europe
Guided Reading:
1. How did US raise an army?
– Congress passed the Selective Service
Act, which required 24 million men to
register for the draft.
Chapter 11 Section 2
• A – How did the United States raise an
army for the war?
– Congress passed the Selective Service Act,
which required 24 million men to register for
the draft.
FRESH U.S. SOLDIERS JOIN
FIGHT
 After 2 ½ years of fighting,
the Allied forces were
exhausted
 One of the main
contributions of the Americans
was fresh and enthusiastic
troops
 American infantry were
nicknamed “doughboys”
because of their white belts
 Most doughboys had never
ventured far from the farms or
small towns they lived in
SECTION
2
American Power Tips the Balance
America Mobilizes
Mass Production
• To expand fleet to transport men, food,
equipment to Europe, U.S.:
- gives special status to shipyard workers
- uses fabrication techniques
- takes over commercial, private ships
NEXT
Guided Reading:
2. How did US soldiers help win the
war?
– Brought freshness and enthusiasm;
– Helped stop German advances on Paris
and several other French cities;
– Helped win the Second Battle of the
Marne.
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Guided Reading:
3. How did US build its naval force?
– It exempted shipyard workers from the
draft,
– Used a public relations campaign to stress
the importance of shipbuilding
– Used prefabrication techniques
– And took control of private ships for
transatlantic duty.
• B – How did the United States expand
its navy so quickly?
– It exempted shipyard workers from the
draft,
– Used a public relations campaign to stress
the importance of shipbuilding
– Used prefabrication techniques
– And took control of private ships for
transatlantic duty.
SECTION
2
America Turns the Tide
U.S. Navy Contributions
• Convoy system—destroyers escort merchant
ships across Atlantic
- losses drop dramatically
• Navy helps lay mines across North Sea, keep
U-boats out of Atlantic
• 1918, Germans have difficulty replacing boats,
trained submariners
NEXT
Guided Reading:
4.
How did the US Navy help win the war?
– Broke the German blockade by suggesting
the convoy system to the British and then
putting it into practice;
– Helped lay down a barrier of mines in the
North Sea.
SECTION
2
America Turns the Tide
Fighting in Europe
• After 2 1/2 years fighting, Allied forces are
exhausted, demoralized
• American troops bring numbers, freshness,
enthusiasm
NEXT
Shell Shock
SECTION
2
Fighting “Over There”
Doughboys in Europe
• General John J. Pershing leads American
Expeditionary Force
- soldiers impressed by cities, shocked by battle
NEXT
SECTION
2
Fighting “Over There”
New Weapons
• By 1917, British learn to use tanks to clear path
for infantry
• Early planes flimsy, only do scouting; later ones
stronger, faster
- carry machine guns, heavy bomb loads
• American ace Eddie Rickenbacker, other pilots
in dogfights
• Observation balloons used extensively, prime
target of ace pilots
NEXT
NEW WEAPONS OF WAR
• Machine Guns
– Fire over 600
bullets per
minute.
NEW WEAPONS OF WAR
• Poison Gas
– Odorless, kills and blinds
– mustard gas was used to subdue the enemy
Animals were also
susceptible to gas
NEW WEAPONS OF WAR
• Tanks
– Armor
plated
vehicles
– tanks ran
on
caterpillar
treads
NEW WEAPONS OF WAR
• Airplanes
– Used for
scouting,
bombing and
strafing
– Early dogfights
resembled duals,
NEW WEAPONS OF WAR
• Blimps
NEW WEAPONS OF WAR
• Flame Throwers
NEW WEAPONS OF WAR
• Grenade Launchers
• C – How did World War I change the
nature of warfare?
– WWI introduced new weapons and redefined
existing weapons;
– Tanks and airplanes helped introduce
mechanized warfare.
NEW WEAPONS OF WAR
• Submarines
Machine Guns killed in the thousands
Using effective crossfire
• Early models made of empty cans
• Later models made to separate into 48
pieces.
• British invention – a Plummer from
England came up with the idea.
• Germany built no tanks in WWI
• They did use captured tanks
• D – What were the physical and
psychological effects of this new kind of
warfare?
– The new warfare caused physical ailments
such as trench-foot
– And psychological ailments such as shell
shock.
Guided Reading:
5. What new weapons of mechanized
warfare threatened those in combat?
– Zeppelins (gas-filled airships)
– Machine guns
– Tubes that spewed poison gas
– Tanks
– Airplanes
SECTION
2
The War Introduces New Hazards
New Problems of War
• New weapons and tactics lead to horrific injuries,
hazards
• Troops amidst filth, pests, polluted water, poison
gas, dead bodies
• Constant bombardment, battle fatigue produce
“shell shock”
• Physical problems include dysentery, trench foot,
trench mouth
NEXT
SECTION
2
American Troops Go on the Offensive
Allies Stop German Advance
• Russia pulls out of war 1917; Germans shift
armies to western front
- come within 50 miles of Paris
• Americans help stop German advance, turn tide
against Central Powers
Continued . . .
NEXT
• E – How did American forces help the
Allies win the war?
– American forces helped stop the German
advance
– and turned the tide against the Central
Powers.
AMERICAN TROOPS GO ON
THE OFFENSIVE
 When Russia surrendered
to the Germans in 1917, it
allowed the Central Powers to
focus on the Western Front
 By May, the Germans were
within 50 miles of Paris
Men of the 42nd Division during the
Second Marne. These men were
killed by artillery fire just 5 minutes
after this photo was taken
 The Americans arrived and
immediately played a major
role in pushing the Germans
back
In July and August the
Americans helped the Allies
win the Second Battle of the
Marne
SECTION
2
American Troops Go on the Offensive
American War Hero
• Conscientious objector—person who opposes
war on moral grounds
• Originally a conscientious objector, Alvin York
decides WWI is just
• Alone kills 25 Germans; with 6 others, captures
132 prisoners
• Promoted to sergeant; becomes U.S. celebrity
Continued . . .
NEXT
AMERICAN WAR HERO
 Alvin York, a blacksmith
from Tennessee, originally
sought an exemption from
the war as a Conscientious
Objector
 York eventually decided it
was morally acceptable to
fight if the cause was right
The man
The movie
 On October 8, 1918, armed
with only a rifle and a
revolver, York killed 25
Germans and (with six
doughboys) captured 132
prisoners
 Upon his return home he
was promoted to Sergeant
and hailed a hero
SECTION
2
continued
American Troops Go on the Offensive
The Collapse of Germany
• November 3, 1918, Austria-Hungary surrenders to
Allies
• German sailors, soldiers rebel; socialists establish
German republic
- kaiser gives up throne
• Germans exhausted; armistice, or truce, signed
November 11, 1918
NEXT
GERMANY COLLAPSES,
WAR ENDS
 On November 3, 1918,
Germany’s partner, AustriaHungary, surrendered to the
Allies
 That same day, German sailors
mutinied against their
government
 Other revolts followed, and
Germany was too exhausted to
continue
 So at the eleventh hour, on the
eleventh day, of the eleventh
month of 1918, Germany signed
a truce ending the Great War
War ends 11/11/18
SECTION
2
continued
American Troops Go on the Offensive
The Final Toll
• World War I bloodiest war in history to date
- more than half of 22 million dead are civilians
- 20 million more are wounded
• 10 million people become refugees
NEXT
Amputations
Guided Reading:
6. What did the war cost (NUMBERS)
in the terms of the number of …
Civilian
deaths?
military
deaths?
injuries?
refugees?
11 million
11 million
20 million
10 million
Guided Reading:
7. What were the estimated economic
costs? $$$$$$
– $338,000,000,000
– 338 Billion Dollars