Transcript Cold War - Marion County Public Schools

Good Morning 
The Cold War
Get your composition book
Warm-Up
What did your group decide to do with
Germany and Japan?
Cold War
• 1946-1990
• Era of confrontation between the Soviet
Union and the United States
Disagreement over Germany
Soviets’ refusal to honor Declaration
of Liberated Europe (Yalta
Conference)
Events that led to
the Cold War
Soviet actions in Poland: no
intention of holding free elections
Potsdam Conference: Soviets
reluctant to accept US demands; felt
bullied by successful a-bomb testing
Communist victory in China
Differences & tensions between the
United States and the Soviet Union
The Iron Curtain
Soviet Views vs. American Views
SOVIET VIEW
SECURITY
1. Concerned about
being invaded twice
in less than 30 years
by the Germans =
keep Germany weak
and create buffer
states (satellite
nations)
2. Communist
AMERICAN VIEW
ECONOMIC
1. Capitalist
2. Concerned about
economic problems
3. Promote Democracy
+ free enterprise =
promote economic
growth by increasing
world trade
Activity: Document Response
How did American foreign policy
interests and goals change between
1949 and 1963?
Containment
• To keep something from spreading
• Containment of communist expansion
was a central principle of United States'
foreign policy from 1947 to the 1975
Efforts at Containment
Containment
TRUMAN DOCTRINE
MARSHALL PLAN
Gave basis for providing Provided aid in terms of
military and
money, supplies,
economic
and machinery to
= support
to nations
Western European
threatened by
countries trying to
communism
rebuild their
And happy people
economy and resist
Used in Greece and
just do not want to be
communism
Turkey
communist...
Containment
THE BERLIN AIRLIFT
NATO
Stalin blockaded Berlin after
allied zones merged in
Germany
Airlift supplies for 11 months
until Stalin lifts the
blockade =
determination to
promote freedom and
resist communism
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
Mutual defense pact with
US, Canada, and W.
Europe = demonstration
of combined military
strength to Stalin 
forms Warsaw Pact
with Communist nations
Containment
KOREAN WAR
“Hot Spot”
Communist N. Korea
invaded S. Korea =
Truman’s call to the
UN to push them
back
Limited War = no
expansion into
China
PROJECT VENONA
1946
Cracked Soviet spy
code = read
messages between
Moscow & US 
confirmed existence
of extensive Soviet
spying
Eisenhower’s New Look
Strategies for
Containing
Communism
Strong
Economy
Nuclear
weapons
for
massive
retaliation
brinkmanship
Covert
operations
Economy
• The US had to show the world that free
enterprise could produce a better more
prosperous society than communism
• Economic prosperity would prevent
communism from gaining support
Massive Retaliation
• Threaten to use nuclear weapons if
Communists tried to seize a territory by
force
• Required new technology to deliver
nuclear weapons
Success of Massive Retaliation
• Military spending was cut from $50 billion to $34
billion.
• Cut army personnel
• Increased America’s nuclear arsenal
Brinkmanship
• The willingness to go to the brink of nuclear
war to force the other side to back down
– Korean War: hinted to China = armistice
– Taiwan Crisis: any attempts by China to invade
Taiwan would be resisted by the US… HINT,
HINT… we have nuclear weapons!
– The Suez Crisis: the Egyptians seized the Suez
Canal causing the British and French to retaliate =
Soviet threat to attacks on Britain and France...
US responds… you use yours, we will use ours…
pressure causes Britain and France to back down
= diplomatic victory for SU as Arab nations begin
accepting their aid
Covert Action
• Hidden operations
conducted by the CIA
(Central Intelligence
Agency)
– Developing nations to
overthrow antiAmerican leaders and
replace them with
pro-American leaders
The Cold War on the
Homefront
The New Red Scare
- Feared Communists
would take over the
world
Causes of the New Red Scare
(1) Gouzenko Case: Sept., 1945
- Implication: spies already in our government
- Search for spies leads to general fear of
Communist subversion - effort to secretly
weaken a society & overthrow its government
Two Immediate Effects
• Loyalty Review Program: Truman, 1947
– All federal employees to be screened for loyalty to US
• HUAC: FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, 1947
– Went before House Un-American Committee
• Loyalty Review Program not enough….
…demanded public hearings on Communist subversion
• Hearings would expose Communists, & “sympathizers”
House Un-American Activities
Committee (HUAC)
• The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
was created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and
subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public
employees, and those organizations suspected of having
Communist ties.
• Through its power to subpoena witness and hold people
in contempt of Congress, HUAC often pressured
witnesses to surrender names and other information that
could lead to the apprehension of Communists and
Communist sympathizers.
• Its most famous investigation revealed that Alger Hiss,
a former State Department official, had lied to them
about having "ever been a Communist."
Causes of the New Red Scare
(2) Alger Hiss Trial: 1948
– Alger Hiss accused of being a Communist spy
– “Pumpkin Papers"—several prints of State Department
documents from the 1930s.
– The pumpkin papers were introduced against Hiss in a perjury
trial, at which he was accused of lying about having passed
State Department papers to Chambers.
– Venona decrypts declassified and gave indication that “Ales”
could only have been Alger Hiss.
Causes of the New Red Scare
(3) The Rosenbergs
– Americans: Soviets couldn’t have produced
atomic bomb in ‘49 without help…let’s look for
the spies
– 1950: Clues from Albert Fuchs, British
scientist, led FBI to Ethel & Julius Rosenberg
• Accused of passing info to Soviets on building
plutonium bomb
• Little physical evidence convicted them; put to
death in 1953
The Rosenberg’s Sentencing
Excerpts
I believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the Russians
the A-bomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia
would perfect the bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the
Communist aggression in Korea, with the resultant casualties
exceeding 50,000 and who knows but that millions more of
innocent people may pay the price of your treason. Indeed, by
your betrayal you undoubtedly have altered the course of history
to the disadvantage of our country.
We have evidence of your treachery all around us every day —
for the civilian defense activities throughout the nation are aimed
at preparing us for an atom bomb attack.
Causes of the New Red Scare
(4) The Hydrogen Bomb
– 1953: Soviets test bigger bomb: the H-bomb
– Now, Americans afraid of nuclear war
Effect
1. Schools set aside areas as bomb shelters
• “duck-and-cover drills”- bomb drills where kids
hid under desks, covering head with hands
2. Fallout shelters: built
in backyards, under
homes
• Stocked with
canned foods,
water, batteries,
etc.
The Red Scare Spreads
•
Joseph R. McCarthy
begins witch-hunt for
suspected
Communists
•
McCarthyism: buzz
word for damaging
reputations with
unfounded charges,
based on flimsy
evidence & irrational
fears
McCarthyism
• Public accusation that more than two hundred “card-carrying”
communists had infiltrated the United States government.
• The House Un-American Activities Committee had been formed in
1938 as an anti-Communist organ.
• The paranoid hunt for infiltrators was notoriously difficult on writers
and entertainers, many of whom were labeled communist
sympathizers and were unable to continue working.
• The trials often destroy a career with a single unsubstantiated
accusation.
• In all, three hundred and twenty artists were blacklisted including,
Arthur Miller, Aaron Copland, Leonard Bernstein, and Charlie
Chaplin.
Effect
• The McCarran Internal Security Act
– Now illegal to do anything that would
“substantially contribute to establishment of a
totalitarian government
• Communist organizations must register with US
attorney general & publish their records
• Restricted Communist Party members
• Allowed arrest, detention of Communists &
sympathizers... Truman vetoed bill, but Congress
overrides in 1950
• Later, Supreme Court rulings made sure McCarran
Act was not effective
Cause and Effect of the Cold
War
EFFECTS
CAUSES
1. Soviet Union controls
Eastern Europe after
World War II
2. Chinese Communists
win control of
mainland China
3. US and Soviet Union
explode atomic bombs
1. Marshall Plan provides
aid to W. Europe and
Japan
2. W. nations form
NATO; Communist
nations = Warsaw
Pact
3. Korean War erupts
4. American and Soviet
arms race
5. Red Scare leads to
hunt for Communists
in the US