Transcript Nationalism and Economic Expansion

Nationalism and
Economic Expansion
Chapter 8
Expanding Westward
In 1820: one out of every four white Americans
lived west of the Appalachian Mountain
► In 1810: one out of every seven...
► Significance
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economy: new regions into the emerging capitalist
system
politics: policy towards new territories/states lead to
Civil War
social: people of different cultures forced together
Reasons
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Population pressures
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1800 population 5.3 million
1820 population 9.6 million
Economic pressures
Availability of new lands
Decline of Indian resistance
Areas
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Textile Mills in the North
Cotton in the South
Fur Trapping in the West
Transportation
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Canals
Roads
Political and Social Shifts
Era of Good Feelings
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The 3 P’s (Peace, Prosperity and Pride)
Post War of 1812
Nationalism growth
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expansion of economy
growth of white settlement and trade in
the West
creation of new states
Little party disagreement
James Monroe - Presidency for two
terms in 1817
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Experience
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Revolution soldier
Diplomat
Secretary of State
Tact
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went out of his way to include North and
South
goodwill tour
re-election
Foreign affairs Part
I: Florida
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Secretary of State:
John Quincy Adams
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experience
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son of former president
spent time as a US
diplomat in four
different countries
Treaty of Ghent
goal: expansion (i.e.
Florida)
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US had already
annexed W. Florida
negotiations with
Spanish Prime Minister
in 1817
Florida (continued)
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Andrew Jackson
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Washington’s Response
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Secretary of War John
Calhoun “adopt
necessary measures” to
stop Seminole Indians
invades Florida in 1818
seizes Spanish Forts
JQA urged gov. to
assume complete
responsibility
US accuses Spain
unwilling to curb threat
Adams-Onis Treaty
1819
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United States gives up
Texas
Spain gives up all of
Florida and claims in the
Pacific Northwest
Panic of 1819
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Napoleon again
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Land prices go up in the West
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disruption in European agriculture
high demand for US farm goods
gov’t established price of $2 an acre
some land in Mississippi $100 an acre
Buy now, pay later
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easy credit made available to settlers
land boom
Payback
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1819 new management at the national
bank began tightening credit
loans called in / mortgages foreclosed
many banks could not meet the demand
and closed
financial panic
Results
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Depression
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six years
manufactured and agriculture goods fall in
price
Debate
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Land expansion
The Bank of the United States
The Marshall Court
► Key
SC Cases increase the power of the Federal
govt.
► Fletcher v. Peck (1810) = Contract clause of
Constitution (supremacy clause)
► Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1816) =
protected sanctity of contracts, and thus
corporations. (pro-market economy)
► McCullough v. Maryland (1819) = implied
powers or the elastic clause protected the BUS!
 JM = “The power to tax, involves the power to destroy.”
► Gibbons
v. Ogden (1824) = supremacy clause
of Federal power – states can’t take over rights
like commerce.
Missouri Compromise
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Missouri applies for statehood in 1819
History
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French and Spanish inhabitants own slaves
US promises in Louisiana purchase to protect the human property
by 1819 approximately 60,000 people 10,000 were slaves
Tallmadge Amendment
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importation of slaves not to be allowed into Missouri (already 16%)
gradual emancipation of slaves already there (when they reach 25)
sparked a two year controversy in Congress
Missouri Compromise cont’d
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Separation (Debate is really over political
power)!
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At the time there is a balanced number of slave and
free states
Anti-Slavery supporters
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Manumission Society
Quakers
De Witt Clinton Republicans
Federalists
free labor system
“Southern Rule” and “Virginia Influence” (slave
supporters)
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plantation system
 Weak solution
►state
entry in even pairs (one non slavery state / one
state with slavery)
►Thomas Amendment (or proviso): slavery prohibited
in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory North
of the southern boundary of Missouri. (36’30
dividing line) means that Ark. and Ok. Open to
slavery in future, but the other territory (to be 9
states would not allow the expansion of slavery)
►Maine-Missouri Bill guided through the house by
Henry Clay
Presidential reactions
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Jefferson – “A geographical line, coinciding with
a marked principle moral and political, once
conceived and held up to the angry passions of
men, will never be obliterated; every new irritation
will mark it deeper and deeper…. This momentous
question, like a fire-bell in the night, awakened
and filled me with terror. I considered it at once
the knell of the Union. It is hushed indeed, for the
moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final
sentence.”
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Foreign Affairs Part II: Monroe Doctrine
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An entire continent of Spanish Empire
struggling
Many believed that success of anti-Spanish
revolutions would strengthen US standing in
region
1815 claimed neutrality, but sold revolutionaries
supplies
1822 Recognition of five new countries:
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La Plata (Argentina)
Chile
Peru
Columbia
Mexico
1823 Monroe Doctrine States:
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“The American continents... are henceforth not to be
considered as subjects for future colonization by any
European powers.”
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“Our policy in regard to Europe... is not to interfere in
the internal concerns of any of its powers.”
Significance
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Becomes the foundation of American Foreign Policy
Why?
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foreign reasons
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European “concert” puts royalty back in Spain
feared Euro allies might try to regain territory in America
domestic reasons
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use national pride to heal depression
divert nation from sectional politics
increase popular interest in an lack-luster administration
Election of 1824: End of the Virginia dynasty
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Candidates (All of them are Democratic-Republicans)
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William H. Crawford, Georgia (41)
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secretary of the treasury
states rights
suffering from a paralyzing disease
Old-line Republican (small government)
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Speaker of the House
Part of the War Hawks from the War of 1812 (Westerner)
Very closed aligned with Adams
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Secretary of State
Son of a Federalist president (John Adams – 2nd president)
Represented the northeast (high protective tariff)
Leading contender
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1812 War Hero
US Senator, but no serious political record
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Had aspirations, but dropped out before the election
Hope of winning the Vice Presidency!
Henry Clay, Kentucky (37)
John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts (84)
Andrew Jackson, Tennessee (99)
John Calhoun, South Carolina ???
Henry Clay
John Calhoun
John Quincy Adams
William Crawford
Andrew Jackson
Election of 1824
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Candidate
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Presidential
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John Quincy Adams (MA)
Henry Clay (KY)
Andrew Jackson (TN)
William H. Crawford (GA)
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Vice Presidential
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John C. Calhoun (SC)
Nathan Sanford (NY)
Nathaniel Macon (NC)
Andrew Jackson (TN)
Martin Van Buren (NY)
Henry Clay (KY)
Votes not cast
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Electoral Vote
84
37
99
41
182
30
24
13
9
2
1
Popular Vote
115,696
47,136
152,933
46,979
► The
Twelfth Amendment (adopted in 1804
following the disputed Election of 1800)
provided that elections in which no
candidate received a majority should be
decided by the House of Representatives
from among the top three candidates. Clay
was out of contention and Crawford was an
unlikely prospect because of a serious
illness.
► Jackson
clearly expected to win, figuring that the
House would act to confirm his strong showing.
However, Clay, as Speaker of the House, used his
influence to sway the vote to Adams. Although
they were not close, Clay knew that he and Adams
shared a common political philosophy; Clay also
knew that Jackson was an avowed opponent of
the Bank of the United States, a vital component
of the American System. Clay also was not
interested in doing anything to further the career
of the hero of New Orleans, his main rival in the
West.
► Adams prevailed on the first ballot in the House of
Representatives and became the nation's sixth
president. His subsequent appointment of Henry
Clay as Secretary of State led to angry charges of
a "corrupt bargain."
 Jackson received a plurality, but not a majority,
thus a run off (in the H of R)
 Clay and Adams make a deal
 Clay tells his supporters to vote for Adams
 Adams wins
 Deal became known as the “Corrupt Bargain”
and would haunt the political careers of both
Adams and Clay
► John
Quincy Adams Presidency
 Creative ideas for agriculture, commerce + arts
blocked by Jackson supporters
 Panama Conference 1826
 Cherokee Indians vs. The State of Georgia
 “tariff of abominations”
► Jackson’s
Revenge: Election of 1828
 Ugly election
 Jackson accuses Adams of:
►supporting
the “economic aristocracy”
►gross waste and extravagance
►using American women as bribes to foreign leaders
 Adams accuses Jackson of:
►killing
American soldiers in cold blood
►being and adulterer (Jackson’s wife fainted and died
shortly after the election upon reading the
propaganda)
 Jackson wins decisively
 “Era of The Common Man”