Transcript US History Spring Semester

U.S. History
Spring Semester
FINAL EXAM
Key Terms
• Neutrality: decision not
to take sides in a war
• Faction: party or group
that is split because of
differences
• National Debt: total
amount of money that a
government owes
Key Terms
• Suffrage: right to vote
• Frigate: ship that sails fast and has
many guns
Key Terms
• Spoils System: practice
of rewarding supporters
with government jobs
• “To the victor belong the
spoils.” Means that a
new President can
reward his supporters
with jobs
• “Spoils” are earned
benefits
Key Terms
• Kitchen cabinet:
group of unofficial
presidential
advisers
• Cabinet: group of
department leaders
who serve the
President
Key Terms
• Nullification: act of canceling a law
• Majority: number equal to more than 1/2
• Caucus: private meeting during which
powerful party members pick candidates
Key Terms
• Nominating
Convention:
meeting of delegates
from all states to
choose a party’s
candidates
• Mudslinging: use
of insults to attack an
opponent’s reputation
Political Rallies
• New politics in the
1840s led to both
parties competing
for votes by holding
rallies
Key Terms
• Depression:
period of declining
business profits
and lost jobs
• National Debt:
total amount of
money that a
government owes
Key Terms
• Amnesty Act: restored
the vote to most white
southerners.
Amnesty: government
pardon
• Poll Tax: fee paid to
vote
• Right to Strike: victory
won by organized
factory workers
Key Terms
• Siege: attack in
which enemy forces
surround and try to
capture a city or fort
• Refuge: place where
one is safe from
persecution
• Rendezvous: place
where people meet
Key People
• Nativist: group
that wanted laws to
limit immigration
• Artisan: skilled
worker
• Trade Union:
organization of
workers
Key Terms and People
• Freedman: former
slave
• Black Code: law
severely limiting
rights of freedmen
• Segregation:
legal separation of
races
Key Terms and People
• Carpetbagger: term
for northerner who
went to the South
after the Civil War
• Scalawag: term for a
white southern
Republican
• Sharecropper:
person who rented
and farmed a piece of
land
Lewis and Clark
• Their expedition
mapped the
Louisiana
Purchase and
increased
knowledge about
plant and animal
life in the West
John Adams
• President John
Adams was a
Federalist,
elected in 1796
by Pro-British
voters in the
North
Thomas Jefferson
• He cut the
federal budget to
reduce the size
and power of
government
Andrew Jackson
• He accused Henry
Clay and John
Quincy Adams of
making a “corrupt
bargain” when Clay
persuaded House
members to vote
for Adams.
John Quincy Adams
• The supporters
of John Quincy
Adams were the
Whigs.
American System Fails
• Henry Clay’s
American
System failed
because
Congress would
not fund new
roads, bridges
and canals.
Andrew Jackson
• A new political
party, the
Democrats,
attracted Andrew
Jackson
supporters.
Andrew Jackson
• President Jackson
believed the Bank of
the United States
was unconstitutional
because he thought
that states should
charter banks.
Oregon Territory
• The U.S. and
Britain settled
their dispute over
Oregon by
agreeing to
divide the land.
Whiskey Rebellion
• Whiskey Rebellion
resulted in people
realizing that the
new government
would not tolerate
violent protests.
Judicial Review
• Judicial Review:
The Supreme
Court rules that a
new law violates
the Constitution.
• Marbury v.
Madison
established
judicial review
Monroe Doctrine
• President
Monroe
announced the
Monroe Doctrine
to protect Latin
American
republics from
European attack
Key Term
• Creole: someone
born in Latin
America to
Spanish parents
Industrial Revolution
• Industrial
Revolution
depended on the
development of
the factory
system
Industrial Revolution: Key Terms
• Capitalist:
invests to make
a profit
• Lowell girl:
worked in mills;
returned home to
marry
Canal System
• Steamboats
allowed farmers
to ship goods
more quickly and
cheaply.
Canal System
• Canal investors
worried that the
railroad
competition
would cause
them to lose
money.
American Painters
• Before 1800, the
central influence
on American
painters was the
European
painting tradition.
War of 1812
• War Hawk:
Member of
Congress in favor
of going to war
• Henry Clay agreed
with Grundy that
war would have its
advantages.
War of 1812: Key Terms
• Nonintercourse
Act: allowed trade
with all EXCEPT
Britain and France
• Pinckney Treaty:
Allowed shipment
of goods on the
Mississippi
Naval Escort Protects Trade
• Barbary pirates
were hurt by a law
requiring Yankee
traders to be
escorted through
the Mediterranean
Sea by Navy
ships.
War of 1812 Battles
• Battle of Tippecanoe: celebrated as a
major victory for settlers
• Battle of Lake Erie: resulted in victory
despite poor preparation
• Battle of New Orleans: fought after
the War of 1812 ended
War of 1812: Key Terms
• Treaty of Greenville:
allowed Americans’
land claims in part of
present-day Ohio
• Treaty of Ghent:
Allowed restoration
of pre-War of 1812
conditions
TEXAS
• Texans defeated
Santa Anna and
won
independence at
San Jacinto.
TEXAS
• Texas was
admitted to the
Union when
Congress passed
a joint resolution
accepting the
annexation treaty.
Popular Sovereignty
• EX: In 1849,
California voters
approved a state
constitution
banning slavery
Conflict Between States
• Southern states
were dependent
on the North
because southern
planters borrowed
money from
northern banks to
buy farm tools.
Conflict Between States
• Fugitive: runaway
person
• Martyr: sacrifices
life for beliefs
• Border Ruffian:
proslavery person
who battled
antislavery forces
Conflict Between States
• When Abraham
Lincoln was
elected in 1860,
several southern
states seceded
in protest.
Civil War
• The Civil War
began when
Confederate
troops attacked
Fort Sumter,
South Carolina.
Civil War
• Both the North
and the South
experienced
inflation during
the war
• Both had their
economy
disrupted
Civil War
• African
Americans
contributed to
the war effort on
the Union side.
They fought in
major battles.
Civil War
• Combat was deadly, but infection and
disease were greater threats.
Civil War Battles
• Except for Gettysburg,
most of the fighting was
in the South
• Battle of Shiloh: bloodiest
• Battle of Fredericksburg:
worst Union defeat
• Battle of Chancellorsville:
Gen. Jackson’s last battle
Women in the Civil War
• Civil War nurses
helped change
employment for
women by
opening up new
employment
opportunities for
them.
Abraham Lincoln
• U.S. President
during the Civil
War
• Was forgiving in
his goals for a
peaceful
reconciliation of
the country
Reconstruction
• During
Reconstruction,
corruption
among state
officials angered
white
southerners.
Reform
• Temperance
groups viewed
alcohol abuse as
the most serious
social problem of
the 1800s.
Reform
• Temperance
movement led to
eight states
passing “Maine
Laws.”
Reform
• Thomas Galludet
led reform for
people with
disabilities
Good Luck on Your Final!