Transcript The Washington Naval Conference

The Washington Naval
Conference
ALSO KNOWN AS THE
WASHINGTON ARMS
CONFERENCE
ALYSON CHWATEK
12 November 1921 6 February 1922
Involved:
Britain
The United States
France
Japan
Italy
Belgium
China
Portugal
The Netherlands
…But not Russia
Conference was called to order by President
Warren G. Harding of the United States
LET’S
WORK
THIS
OUT
DID YOU KNOW..?!?!?!
The FIRST international conference held in
the United States, is considered to be a
model for successful treaty making!
Also… the FIRST disarmament conference
in HISTORY
MEMORIAL
CONTINENT
AL HALL :
WHERE
TREATY
WAS MADE
Resulted in THREE major
treaties! Along with other
smaller ones, but these are
the most recognizable.
#1:
4
power
treaty
#2:
5 power
treaty
#3:
9 power
treaty
“Let us never
negotiate out of fear.
But, let us never fear
to negotiate.”
-John F. Kennedy
INSIDE PEAK AT
THE
WASHINGTON
CONFERENCE..
ObJeCtIvEs Of tHe TrEaTy
American Secretary of State, Charles Evans
Hughs, wanted to prevent the Japanese
navy from expanding into western Pacific
waters, especially because there were
valuable islands in which naval bases
could be set up.
Intimidating Japanese
Naval ship
The Four Power Treaty, what
was it all about?
In this treaty, all the parties involved in the treaty agreed to maintain
“status quo” in the Pacific. The parties agreed to not try and expand
into the Pacific, and that if some sort of problem was to arise, that they
would all mutually try and work it out. THERE IS NO “i” in TEAM!
Another effect of this treaty was the ending of the Anglo-Japanese
alliance of 1902.
The Anglo-Japanese alliance was an alliance between Japan and Britain.
It contained six articles in which the countries decided how they would
help each other in times of war and such. When Japan entered the
Washington Conference it felt that Britain did not have its best interests
in mind, and therefore leaned towards ending the alliance. There was
much mistrust between Japan and Britain, and this mistrust and the way
that the alliance was ended can be looked at as precursors to Japan’s
involvement in WWII.
What on earth was the Five
Power Treaty all about then?
In this treaty, the United States, France,
Britain, Japan, and Italy all decided
upon the limitations to naval
armaments.
-The British Navy was allowed 525,000
tons of Capital ships and 135,000 tons of
aircraft carriers.
-The United States was allowed the same
ratio that Britain was.
-Japan was allowed 315,000 tons of
Capital ships and 81,000 tons of aircraft
carriers.
-France was allowed 175,000 tons of
Capital ships and 60,000 tons of aircraft
carriers.
-Italy was allowed the same ratio that
France was.
5:5:3 ratio,
The
Japanese
Felt
insulted
The NINE POWER TREATY
This treaty affirmed the Open
Door Policy in China.
All nations would have equal
boundaries and trade rights in
their spheres of influence in China.
China was to maintain her
integrity.
The nine nations were, the United
States, France, Britain, Italy, Japan,
China, Belgium, the Netherlands,
and Portugal.
Now, what did the United States
desire out of these treaties?
Well first of all the U.S. wanted :
1. To relieve Anglo-American tension by
ending the Anglo-Japanese alliance.
2. To agree on a naval ratio between the
U.S. and Japan AND Britain
3. And lastly, to have the Japanese agree to
continue the Open-Door Policy in
CHINA
United States Motives Cont..
Why did the United States want Japan to
stay out of the Pacific?
SO THE UNITED STATES WOULD HAVE
NO COMPETITION!
To ensure the success of the treaty, the
United States offered to get rid of almost
thirty capital ships and take a ten year
break on the construction of them. They
meant business.
Well what about Britain? What
did she want?
Britain naturally desired most of the
same things that the United States did,
but they did not approach it in the same
manner. While the United States went
into the treaty seeking several specific
agreements, Britain was more openminded and open to negotiation as long
as the Pacific looked something like it
wanted it to.
WHAT ABOUT JAPAN!?!?!
Japan first of all desired to form some sort of
naval treaty with the United States AND
Britain. On top of forming a naval treaty,
Japan wanted the world to recognize
officially its interests in Manchuria and
Mongolia. Lastly, Japan wanted to continue
to hold power over Yap, Siberia, and
Tsingtao.
“He who has learned to
disagree without being
disagreeable has
discovered the most
valuable secret of a
diplomat.”
-Robert Estabrook
Japan felt that decreasing its naval
force would leave it venerable due to
the fact that there was tension
between her and Asia (China).
The United States and Britain wished
to continue to have naval supremacy
over Japan so they urged Japan to
believe that her national safety was
not as risk, and that if it was the
League of Nations would take care of
it.
HOW DID THE TREATY
COME TO BE? HOW DID
THE UNITED STATES
GET WHAT IT WANTED?
Well to start, the United
States was sneaky. But
not sneaky in a bad
way- The government
intercepted a message
from the Japanese
government to its
delegation in which it
described the lowest
naval ratio it would
accept. The United
States then used this
information to
manipulate the
Japanese during the
formation of the treaty.
THEY SPIED!!!!!!!!!!!
TAKE A QUICK LOOK AT THE
TREATY.. Article 19 follows
The United States, the British Empire, and
Japan agree that the status quo at the time of
the signing of the present Treaty, with regard to
fortifications and naval bases, shall be maintained
in their respective territories and possessions
specified hereunder:
(1) The insular possessions which the United
States now holds or may hereafter acquire in the
Pacific Ocean, except (a) those adjacent to the
coast of the United States, Alaska, and the
Panama Canal Zone, not including the Aleutian
Islands, and (b) the Hawaiian Islands;
(2) Hong Kong and the insular possessions
which the British Empire now holds or may
hereafter Acquire in the Pacific Ocean, east of
meridian 1100 east longitude, except (a) those
adjacent to the coast of Canada, (b) the
Commonwealth of Australia and its Territories, and
(c) New Zealand;
(3) The following insular territories and
possessions of Japan in the Pacific Ocean, to wit:
the Kurile Islands, the Bonin Islands, AmamiOshima, the Loochoo Islands, Formosa, and the
Pescadores, and any insular territories or
possessions in the Pacific Ocean which Japan may
hereafter acquire(22).
http://microworks.net/pacific/road_to
_war/washington_edsessay.htm
FURTHER FUN FACTS
“Ibid., pp. 63-75. In monetary terms,
Hughes' announcement meant that the
United States was willing to sacrifice
approximately $350,000,000 already
invested in a shipbuilding program
designed to make the American navy the
dominate naval force in the world. For the
U.S. naval construction program on 1916,
see Ernest Andrade, Jr., "The United States
Navy and the Washington Conference," in
The Historian XXXI (1969), pp. 345-363.”
Wittenberg, Edward. "Far Eastern
Strategy and The Washington
Conference of 1921-22."
Microworks.net. Microworks. Web.
12 May 2011.
<http://microworks.net/pacific/ro
ad_to_war/washington_edsessay.h
tm>.
“The Nine-Power Treaty
was designed to prevent
exploitation of Chinese
sovereignty by providing
equal access to Chinese
markets and offering
favoritism to none. This
"Open Door" policy also
had the goal of allowing
China to develop a stable
government without
outside
interference. Charles I.
Beavens, LL.B., Treaties and
Other International
Agreements of the United
States of America, 17761949, Vol 2. (Washington:
Department of State, 1969),
pp. 375-380.”
Success? Yes!
The Washington Conference succeeded in
controlling the amount of battle fleets and
ships that were produced. It prevented new
fleets from forming and put limitations on
the pre-existing ones.
-In 1922 ratifications were
made in Beijing.
-In 1922, Japan gave
Shangdong back to China.
-In 1923 the treaty was ratified
-by the United States.
-In 1924 it was registered in the
League of Nations.
-It was officially registered as
part of the League of Nation’s
Treaty series.