Transcript EOCT VOC REVIEW

EOCT VOC REVIEW
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QUEBEC
• was the first permanent French settlement
in North America. Colonists here were
instructed to spread the Catholic faith in
the New World.
Virginia Company
• an English firm that planned to make
money by sending people to America to
find gold and other valuable natural
resources and then ship the resources
back to England.
New Amsterdam
• This was first settled by the Dutch. In
1664, the British conquered the colony
and renamed it New York; tolerated
different religions.
House of Burgesses
• The Virginia Company established this
legislative assembly that was similar to
England’s Parliament. It was the first
European-type legislative body in the New
World.
Pennsylvania
• This was a Mid-Atlantic territory between
New England and Virginia. It was a colony
founded by the religiously tolerant
Quakers, led by William Penn.
Powhatan
• A notable Native American chieftain in the
region the English settlers called Virginia.
Mid-Atlantic Colonies
• Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey and
Delaware; had rich farmland and a
moderate climate; known as the
breadbasket colonies.
Bacon’s Rebellion
• Poor English and slave colonists staged an
uprising against the governor and his
landowning supporters; the landless rebels
wanted harsher action against the Native
Americans so more land would be available to
the colonists. The rebellion was put down, and
the Virginia House of Burgesses passed laws to
regulate slavery so poor white colonists would
no longer side with slaves against rich white
colonists.
Salem Witch Trials
• a series of court hearings, over 150
Massachusetts colonists accused of
witchcraft were tried, 29 of which were
convicted, and 19 hanged. At least six
more people died in prison. Causes
included extreme religious faith, stress
from a growing population and its bad
relations with Native Americans, and the
narrow opportunities for women and girls
to participate in Puritan society.
Massachusetts Charter
• Made Massachusetts an independent
colony, but the British king canceled it. The
colonists in this territory greatly disliked
this centralized authority. In 1691, It
became a royal colony.
King Philip’s War
• an early and bloody conflict between
English colonists and Native Americans. It
was named after the leader of the Native
Americans. His Native American name
was Metacom. Many colonists died in the
war, but it caused such a heavy loss of life
among the Native American population
that large areas of southern New England
became English settlements.
Rhode Island settlement
• This colony was founded by religious
dissenters from Massachusetts who were
more tolerant of different religious beliefs
including Roger Williams, and Anne
Hutchinson
Half-Way Covenant
• This allowed partial church membership
for the children and grandchildren of the
original Puritans; As more and more
children were born in America, many grew
up to be adults who lacked a personal
covenant (relationship) with God, the
central feature of Puritanism.
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The Great Awakening
• Christian worship changed in the 1730s
and 1740s in the NE colonies; The people
were told to seek their own personal
relationship with God, and that doing this
was more important than the Puritan idea
of congregations needing to gather
together to hear intellectual sermons.
Mercantilism
• Economic Theory that said the Earth had a
limited supply of wealth, so to become strong a
nation was to acquire the most wealth. Because
the world’s wealth was thought to be limited, the
more one country had, the less any other
country could have. Consequently, a nation
became stronger and wealthier, its enemies
became poorer and weaker. Mercantilism
inspired the British government to view its
American colonies as sources of wealth that
would make Britain wealthier and stronger.
Social Mobility
• the rise in society; sought after by Ben
Franklin
Trans-Atlantic Trade
• Trade of goods across the Atlantic; All
goods shipped to or from British North
America had to travel in British ships, and
any goods exported to Europe had to land
first in Britain to pay British taxes. Some
goods could be exported to Britain only.
These restrictions were designed to keep
the colonies from competing against
Britain. Some Americans responded by
becoming smugglers.
Individualism
• improving one’s self; sought after by Ben
Franklin
Middle Passage
• sea voyage that carried Africans to North
America; it was the middle portion of a three-way
voyage made by the slave ships. It was said
that people in the colonial port cities could smell
the slave ships arriving before they could see
them. The slaves were packed like bundles of
firewood. About two of every ten slaves died
during the passage. The ships smelled of
decaying bodies as well as the sweat, blood,
urine, and feces of the surviving slaves.
Ben Franklin
• one of the best known of America’s Founding Fathers.
He was born into a poor Boston family in 1706. At age 12
he became an apprentice to one of his brothers who was
a printer. At age 17, he ran away to Philadelphia to start
a life of his own choosing, independent from his family. A
few months later, he sailed to London to gain more
experience in the printing business. He returned to
Philadelphia in 1726 as an experienced printer, writer,
and businessman. These are just some examples of
how, throughout his life, he sought ways to improve
himself (individualism) and the rise in society (social
mobility). Over his 84-year life, he succeeded in making
himself one of the world’s leading authors, philosophers,
scientists, inventors, and politicians.
African American Culture
• In America, slaves attempted to “make the best”
of their lives while living under the worst of
circumstances. Slave communities were rich
with music, dance, basket-weaving, and potterymaking. Enslaved Africans brought with them the
arts and crafts skills of their various tribes.
Indeed, there could be a hundred slaves working
on one farm and each slave might come from a
different tribe and a different part of Africa.
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Common Sense
• This small pamphlet moved many Americans to
support independence from Great Britain.
Colonists were persuaded by Paine’s
arguments, that the Atlantic Ocean was too wide
to allow Britain to rule America as well as an
American government could, that it was foolish
to think an island could rule a continent, and if
Britain were America’s “mother country,” that
made Britain’s actions all the worse because no
mother would treat her children so badly.
French and Indian War
• This war broke out in 1754 when Great
Britain challenged the French for control of
the land that is now Ohio and western
Pennsylvania. Native Americans tended to
support the French because, as fur
traders, they built forts rather than
permanent settlements. Great Britain
eventually won the war.
Thomas Paine
• In January 1776 this, patriot philosopher,
published Common Sense.
Treaty of Paris 1763
• this treaty that ended the French and Indian War forced
France to turn over control of Canada to Great Britain.
France also surrendered its claim to all land east of the
Mississippi River, with the exception of the city of New
Orleans. The treaty gave the British government control
of all Britain’s American colonies’. The colonists objected
to the loss of control over their own affairs, and some
Americans first got the idea of an American Revolution.
Tensions grew when Parliament passed laws to tax the
colonists to pay for the cost of keeping a large standing
army in North America to protect both Britain’s
possessions and the American colonists from attacks.
Committees of Correspondence
• Much of the planning for the First
Continental Congress was carried out by
this body. These committees were formed
because American patriots could not
communicate publicly. One committee
would exchange written communications
with another committee within or between
the colonies. They were the first
organization linking the colonies in their
opposition to British rule.
Proclamation of 1763
• Tensions increased when Parliament
made this; It forbade Americans from
settling beyond the Appalachian
Mountains in an effort to limit their conflicts
with Native Americans.
Daughters of Liberty
• This group joined the Sons of Liberty in
protesting British rule in North America.
They wove homespun fabric to make
clothes and other goods so the colonists
would not need to rely on British imports.
Stamp Act
• This required the colonists to print
newspapers, legal documents, playing
cards, etc., on paper bearing special
stamps (like postage stamps). Buying the
stamped paper was the equivalent of
paying a tax.
Intolerable Acts
• This closed the port of Boston as
punishment for the Boston Tea Party.
These acts also allowed British officials
accused of major crimes to be tried in
England and forced the colonists to house
British troops on their property. Colonists
called for the First Continental Congress to
protest these actions and formed colonial
militias to resist enforcement of these acts.
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Declaration of Independence
• its language was made simple and direct
so people everywhere would understand
and sympathize with the colonists’ cause.
The text borrowed phrases from the
writings of English philosopher John
Locke and repeated legal arguments
made famous by French political thinker
Charles de Montesquieu.
John Locke
• This English philosopher developed the
idea of Natural Rights, such as Life,
Liberty, and Property
Charles de Montesquieu
• This French Philosopher developed the
idea of Separation of Powers and Check
and Balances
George Washington
• He was named commander-in- Chief of
the Continental Army. He displayed
extraordinary leadership abilities in the
role. He reorganized the army, secured
additional equipment and supplies, and
started a training program to turn
inexperienced recruits into a professional
military.
crossed the Delaware River
• On Christmas night 1776, Washington led his
troops to a victory that was a turning point for
America winning the Revolutionary War. As a
snowstorm pounded Washington and his
soldiers, they ___ ____ _____ ___to stage a
surprise attack on a fort occupied by Hessian
mercenaries fighting for the British. This victory
proved Washington’s army could fight as well as
an experienced European army.
Valley Forge
• Washington and his troops spent the winter of
1777– 1778 in, ______ ____ Pennsylvania.
They spent six months there. The army’s
problems with wages, housing, food, clothing
and equipment were at their worst. Disease
spread throughout the camp, increasing the
suffering of the 12,000 men. As conditions
worsened, almost 4,000 soldiers were too weak
or ill to fight. Yet that winter Washington ordered
an intense training program–like a modern boot
camp–that turned the Continental Army into a
capable and self-assured infantry.
FRANCE
• Another turning point in the war was the decision
by ______ to support the American cause.
Benjamin Franklin, serving as the American
ambassador to France, convinced the ______ to
form a military alliance with the Americans, and
______ agreed to wage war against Britain until
America gained independence. Facing both an
American and a European war, Britain would
need to pull troops out of America to fight closer
to home.
Benjamin Franklin
• _______ ________, serving as the
American ambassador to France,
convinced the French to form a military
alliance with the Americans, and France
agreed to wage war against Britain until
America gained independence. Facing
both an American and a European war,
Britain would need to pull troops out of
America to fight closer to home.
Marquis de Lafayette
• French support for America was
personified in the ______ _ _________.
He commanded American troops and
fought battles in many states. He also
returned to France for a time to work with
Franklin and the French king on how best
to win American independence
General Charles Cornwallis
• He surrendered to the Continental army.
Yorktown
• When Cornwallis surrendered his British
troops at ________, the American
Revolution came to an end in North
America.
1783 Treaty of Paris
• The ________________ ended the
American Revolutionary War. The United
States won its independence from Great
Britain and gained control of land
stretching to the Mississippi River. Britain
ceded Florida to Spain and certain African
and Caribbean colonies to France.
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1st Amendment
• Guarantees freedom of religion, of speech,
and of the press, and the right to petition
the government
2nd Amendment
• Guarantees the right to possess firearms
9th and 10th Amendment
• __Declares that rights not mentioned in
the Constitution belong to the people
• __Declares that powers not given to the
national government belong to the states
or to the people
3rd, 4th, and 5th Amendments
• __Declares that the government may not
require people to house soldiers during
peacetime
• __Protects people from unreasonable
searches and seizures
• __Guarantees that no one may be
deprived of life, liberty, or property without
due process of law
6th, 7th, and 8th Amendments
• __Guarantees the right to a trial by jury in
criminal cases
• __Guarantees the right to trial by jury in
most civil cases
• __Prohibits excessive bails, fines, and
punishments
John Adams
• Like Washington he set examples that
influenced future presidents, but his
administration was plagued by conflicts
with France and Great Britain that crippled
the nation’s economy.
Bill of Rights
• Added to the Constitution after it was
ratified
• Supported by the Anti-federalists
• Guarantees basic freedoms to all
Americans
James Madison
• Helped write THE FEDERALIST PAPERS
and is considered to be the “father of the
constitution”.
Executive Branch
• Branch of the government that enforces
the law
Political Parties or Factions
• Groups that have a common belief system
about politics
Great Compromise
• This helped “save” the Constitution by
settling the dispute between states with
large populations and states with small
populations.
Constitution
• This replaced the ARTICLES OF
CONFEDERATION
Check and Balances
• the Constitution gave each branch of
government a way to balance the power of
the other branches.
Articles of Confederation
• It reflected Americans’ fear of a powerful
national government. It created a
government that had no executive branch
and lacked the power to tax, regulate
commerce, or establish one national
currency.
Shays’ Rebellion
• This event showed the weaknesses of the
Articles of Confederation Farmers
burdened with personal debts tried to
seize a federal arsenal in Massachusetts.
Faction
• Another word for political party
George Washington
• He put down Shay’s Rebellion. First
president of the U.S.
Federalists
• Supporters of the CONSTITUTION and a
strong national government
Anti-Federalists
• Supporters of a weak national government
and the addition of the Bill of Rights to the
CONSTITUTION.
Federalists Papers
• These were written by the federalist to
encourage support for the ratification of
the Constitution.
Alexander Hamilton
• He was the secretary of treasure under
George Washington. He wanted to expand
the power of the government to stabilize
the nation and its economy.
States’ Rights
• Jefferson and Madison then argued that
states could refuse to enforce federal laws
they did not agree with. This was the
beginning of what concept?
Whiskey Rebellion
• This showed American people that they
had to try and change laws through
petition and not violence. This rebellion
took place after a tax on whiskey was
established.
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Louisiana Purchase
• Purchased by the French ruler Napoleon.
He agreed to sell not only New Orleans to
the United States but also the entire
Louisiana Territory for $15 million. As a
result, the United States nearly doubled in
geographic area.
New York City
• Until 1790 it was the capital of the United States. In the
early 1800s, civic development turned this colonial town
into a great economic center established on a grid of city
blocks. By 1835, the population had grown so large that
it outpaced Philadelphia as the largest U.S. city. Trade
grew when the Erie Canal made the city’s harbors the
link between European merchants and the great
agricultural markets across the Appalachians from it. The
city was home to the biggest gathering of artisans and
crafts workers in the United States, and its banking and
commercial activities would soon make it the leading city
in all of North America. What is it?
Northwest Ordinance
• This law demonstrated to Americans that their
national government intended to encourage
westward expansion and that it would do so by
organizing new states that would be equal
members of the Union. It banned slavery in the
Territory. This law made the Ohio River the
boundary between free and slave regions
between the 13 states and the Mississippi River.
It also mandated the establishment of public
schools in the Northwest Territory.
Monroe Doctrine
• In 1823, the President warned the nations
of Europe not to meddle in the politics of
North and South America. The United
States would remain neutral in wars
between European nations and their
American colonies, but, if battles took
place in the New World, the United States
would view such battles as hostile actions
against the United States.
War of 1812
• In this war America declared war on Great
Britain, which was already at war with
France. Never again would Britain and the
United States wage war over diplomacy,
trade, territory, or any other kind of
dispute. America’s army and navy were
firmly established as worthy opponents of
any European military force. The U.S.
military achievements heighten nationalist
sentiments.
Impressment
• During the war of 1812 this policy was use
by the British. Thousands of American
sailors were forced against their will to
serve in the British navy after their
merchant ships were captured at sea
Erie canal
• Connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.
It was opened in 1825 after eight years of
digging by thousands of laborers, mostly
immigrants. It stretches 363 miles from Lake
Erie to the Hudson River, which flows into the
Atlantic Ocean at New York City. It serves as a
turnpike for barges where a road could not
easily be built, and greatly lowered
transportation costs. This not only opened up
western New York and regions further west to
increased settlement, but also helped unite new
regions with the Atlantic states. What is it?
Lewis and Clark
• They explored Louisiana and the western
lands all the way to the Pacific Ocean. On
their 16-month expedition, they charted
the trails west, mapped rivers and
mountain ranges, wrote descriptions and
collected samples of unfamiliar animals
and plants, and recorded facts and figures
about the various Native American tribes
and customs west of the Mississippi River.
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Seneca Falls Convention
• America’s first women’s rights convention–
–in New York. Delegates adopted a
declaration of women’s independence,
including women’s suffrage
Manifest Destiny
• The belief that the United States was
destined to stretch across North America
Suffrage
• Women’s fight to be able to vote
Industrial Revolution
• the name given to the stage of the 19th
century when power driven machines
operated by semiskilled or unskilled
workers replaced hand tools operated by
skilled laborers, altering the quality of work
for many people.
Cotton Gin
• It is a machine that rapidly removes cotton
plant seeds from the valuable cotton fiber
used to make thread and fabric. By
producing more cotton in a day than any
person could working by hand, the gin
reduced the cost of processing cotton and
greatly raised the profit from growing it
Interchangeable Parts
• This made it possible for semiskilled
workers to mass-produce mechanical
products, and fix machines quickly
Eli Whitney
• He best illustrates the rise of industrialism
with his invention of the cotton gin and
his development of interchangeable
parts for muskets.
Jacksonian Democracy
• It sought a stronger executive branch, and
a weaker Congress. Named after
President Andrew Jackson.
Abolition
• The idea that slavery should be abolished
and it should not be allowed in new states.
Made slavery and its expansion an
important political issue
Temperance
• The idea that people should drink less
alcohol or alcohol should be outlawed
altogether.
Public School
• The idea that all children should be
required to attend free schools supported
by taxpayers and staffed by trained
teachers
American Nationalism
• The belief that the U.S. was different than,
and superior to, other nations because
most Americans of that time shared the
Protestant religion and English language,
ancestry, and culture.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• She was an outspoken advocate for
women’s full rights of citizenship, including
voting rights and parental and custody
rights. In 1848, she organized the Seneca
Falls Conference.
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Wilmot Proviso
• During the Mexican-American War,
Congress again debated whether slavery
would be allowed in New Mexico and
California if these territories were acquired
from Mexico. The antislavery position was
outlined in this proposal, but the House of
Representatives failed to approve it and
the issue of whether to allow or prohibit
slavery in new states remained
unresolved.
Nullification Crisis
• Calhoun, a South Carolinian, resigned
from the vice presidency to lead the efforts
of the southern states in this crisis
William Lloyd Garrison
• a writer and editor, was an important white
abolitionist. He founded regional and
national abolitionist societies and
published an antislavery newspaper that
printed graphic stories of the bad
treatment received by slaves.
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
• He believed his mission on Earth was to
free his people from slavery. Seeing an
1831 solar eclipse as a message from
above, he led a slave rebellion on four
Virginia plantations. About 60 whites were
killed, and he was captured, tried, and
executed. To stop such uprisings, white
leaders passed new laws to limit the
activities of slaves and to strengthen the
institution of slavery.
Sectionalism
• is a tendency among sections of a country
to develop a distinct identity based on
ethnicity, customs, laws, language,
economics, or culture. Since the 18th
century, this has led to many revolutions
as people have tried to establish their right
to self-determination.
Abolition
• a campaign to abolish slavery immediately
and to grant no financial compensation to
slave-owners.
Grimke Sisters
• Sarah and Angelina, were southern
women who lectured publicly throughout
the northern states about the evils of
slavery they had seen growing up on a
plantation. Their public careers began
when Garrison published a letter from
Angelina in his newspaper.
Missouri Compromise of 1820
• This said Maine would be admitted to the
Union as a free state, Missouri would be
admitted as a slave state, and slavery
would be prohibited in the northern part of
the Louisiana Purchase except for
Missouri.
Frederick Douglass
• a former slave, worked for Garrison and
traveled widely, giving eloquent speeches
on behalf of equality for African Americans,
women, Native Americans, and
immigrants. He later published
autobiographies and his own antislavery
newspaper.
States’ Rights
• the idea that states have certain rights and
political powers separate from those held
by the federal government that the federal
government may not violate.
John C. Calhoun
• a South Carolinian, resigned from the vice
presidency to lead the efforts of the
southern states in this crisis. His loyalty to
the interests of the southern region, or
section, of the United States, not to the
United States as a whole, contributed to
the rise of sectionalism
Mexican-American War
• U.S. annexation of Texas and other factors
led to war in 1846. During the conflict, the
United States occupied much of northern
Mexico. When the United States
eventually won the war, this region was
ceded to the United States as a part of the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
Compromise of 1850
• Those who favored slavery and those who
opposed slavery therefore agreed to five
laws that addressed these concerns.
Collectively, the five laws are known as
this.
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Gettysburg Address
• Begins with these famous words, “Four
score and seven years ago”. This is now
considered one of the most famous
speeches in the English language.
Battle of Antietam
• Began September of 1862 it was the war’s
first major battle on northern soil and was
the deadliest one-day battle in American
history.
Emancipation Proclamation
• Freed all slaves held in the Confederate
states. Lincoln believed that the news of
the proclamation would reach southern
slaves and encourage them to flee to the
north.
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural
Address
• This speech expressed sorrow that the
states had not been able to resolve their
differences peacefully, however also urged
reconstruction of the South.
Habeas Corpus
• The legal rule that anyone imprisoned
must be taken before a judge to determine
if the prisoner is being legally held in
custody.
Battle for Atlanta
• This battle captured the center of
Confederate manufacturing and railway
traffic, and lasted for six weeks.
Dred Scott Decision
• Settled a law suit in which an African
American slaved claimed he should be a
free man because he had lived with his
master in slave states and in free states.
The court rejected Scott’s claim.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Repealed the Missouri Compromise of
1820 and gave the settlers in all new
territories the right to decide for
themselves whether theirs would be a free
or a slave state.
Abraham Lincoln
• Was elected in 1860 and believed that
preserving the Union was the most
important task for any U.S. president.
Robert E. Lee
• Appointed general-in-chief of Confederate
armies by Davis and surrendered to U.S.
General Grant to end the Civil War.
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
• Fought under Confederate General Lee at
Antietam and Second Bull Run, and he
died in battle.
Battle of Gettysburg
• This three day battle was the deadliest of
the Civil War
Ulysses S. Grant
• Captured control of the Mississippi River in
Siege of Vicksburg and was appointed
commanding General of Union armies by
Lincoln.
John Brown
• Decided to fight slavery with violence and
thought he was chosen by God to end
slavery.
William Tecumseh Sherman
• Served under General Grant during Siege
of Vicksburg; Accepted surrender of all
Confederate armies on Carolinas,
Georgia, and Florida.
Jefferson Davis
• He was President of Confederate States of
America 1861-1865
Popular Sovereignty
• Means rule by the people.
Siege of Vicksburg
• After a seven-week siege, Grant achieved
one of the Union’s major strategic goals:
He gained control of the Mississippi River.
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Reconstruction
• Rebuilding the South after the Civil War
Presidential Reconstruction
• The Reconstruction plans begun by
President Abraham Lincoln and carried
out by President Andrew Johnson echoed
the words of Lincoln’s second Inaugural
Address, which urged no revenge on
former Confederate supporters. The
purpose of ______ ________ was to
readmit the southern states to the Union
as quickly as possible.
Radical Republican Reconstruction
• What is being described? Congress forced the
southern states to reapply for admission to the
Union and to take steps to secure the rights of
the newly freed slaves. This resulted in the
creation of southern state governments that
included African Americans. The key feature of
the effort to protect the rights of the newly freed
slaves was the passage of three constitutional
amendments during and after the Civil War.
Southern states were required to ratify all these
amendments before they could rejoin the Union.
13th amendment
• abolished slavery and involuntary
servitude in the United States
14th amendment
• defined U.S. citizenship as including all
persons born in the United States,
including African Americans;
guaranteed that no citizen could be
deprived of his/her rights without due
process
15th amendment
• removed restrictions on voting based on
race, color, or ever having been a slave;
granted the right to vote to all male U.S.
citizens over the age of 21
13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
• FREE, CITIZENS, VOTE
Morehouse College
• The school, _______ ________, was
founded in Atlanta in 1867 as the
Augusta Institute. A former slave and two
ministers founded it for the education of
African American men in the fields of
ministry and education
Freedmen’s Bureau
• Congress also created the _____ _____to
help African Americans to make the
transition to freedom. The _____ _____
helped former slaves solve everyday
problems by providing food, clothing,
jobs, medicine, and medical-care
facilities.
The Klan or KKK
• The _______ was founded by veterans of
the Confederate Army to fight against
Reconstruction
Andrew Johnson
• This president was impeached by
Congress for not following laws it had
passed.
Black Codes
• laws written to control the lives of freed
slaves in ways slaveholders had formerly
controlled the lives of their slaves
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Railroad
• This Industry relied mainly on Chinese
labor. These Asian immigrants accepted
lower pay than other laborers demanded.
The work was dangerous. Many Chinese
died in the explosive blasts they ignited to
clear the path across the railroad
companies’ land.
Thomas Edison
• His inventions eliminated much manual
labor that had been associated with
everyday household activities and
improved Americans’ quality of life.
Standard Oil Company
• the most famous big business of the era
started by Rockefeller
John D. Rockefeller
• He used vertical and Horizontial
Integration make make his company a
Monopoly
Big Business
• RR, Steel, Oil, John D. Rockefeller,
Standard Oil Company, Trust, Monopoly
Trust
• an illegal combination of industrial or
commercial companies in which the stock
of the constituent companies is controlled
by a central board of trustees, thus making
it possible to manage the companies so as
to minimize production costs, control
prices, eliminate competition, etc
Monopoly
• a single company that controlled virtually
all the U.S. oil production and distribution
Steel
• The biggest customer of this industry was
the RR industry
Light bulb
• This is Edison’s most famous invention
Chinese
• This group of immigrants helped build the
railroad tracks with great abuse.
Phonograph
• This was also invented by Edison it was
later called a record player
Transcontinental Railroad
• This connected the east coast with the
west coast
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Sitting Bull
• a chief of the Sioux; took up arms against
settlers in the northern Great Plains and
against United States Army troops; he was
present at the Battle of Little Bighorn
(1876) when the Sioux massacred
General Custer's troops (1831-1890)
Pullman Strike
• The most famous and far reaching labor
conflict in a period of severe economic
depression and social unrest; a strike that
eventually became the first nationwide
workers' strike.
Wounded Knee
• Some 200 Native Americans were
massacred here by U.S. troops on
December 29, 1890; This was the last
major military conflict between whites and
Native Americans.
Samuel Gompers
• American labor leader who as president of
the American Federation of Labor (18861924) won higher wages, shorter hours,
and greater freedom for union members
Ellis Island
• island in the harbor of New York City. The
chief immigration station of the United
States was on this Island from 1892 to
1943, a time when millions of people,
especially from Europe, came to the
United States
American Federation of Labor
• the largest union grouping in the United
States for the first half of the twentieth
century; represented a conservative "pure
and simple unionism" that stressed
foremost the concern with working
conditions, pay and control over jobs,
relegating political goals to a minor role.
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Muckakers
• Authors who specialize in exposing
corruption in business, government, and
elsewhere, especially those who were
active at the end of the nineteenth and
beginning of the twentieth centuries. Some
famous muckrakers were Ida M. Tarbell,
Lincoln Steffens, and Upton Sinclair.
President Theodore Roosevelt is credited
with giving them their names.
NAACP
• National Association for the Advancement
of Colored People.
Upton Sinclair
• He gained particular fame for his 1906
novel The Jungle, which dealt with
conditions in the U.S. meat packing
industry and caused a public uproar that
partly contributed to the passage of the
Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat
Inspection Act in 1906.
Plessey v. Ferguson
• this U.S. Supreme Court decision, that a
Louisiana law mandating separate but
equal accommodations for blacks and
whites was constitutional. This justified
many other actions by state and local
governments to socially separate blacks
and whites. This case was overturned in
1954 by Brown v. Board of Education.
Ida Tarbell
• She was known as one of the leading
"muckrakers" of her day, work known in
modern times as "investigative
journalism." She wrote many notable
magazine series and biographies. She is
best-known for her 1904 book The History
of the Standard Oil Company, which was
listed number five among the top 100
works of twentieth-century American
journalism.
“Separate but Equal”
• a policy of segregating or discriminating
against blacks, as in public places, public
vehicles, or employment. It was over
turned in 1954 by Brown v. Board of
Education.
Hull House
• a settlement house in Chicago, Ill.,
founded in 1889 by Jane Addams.
Direct Election of Senators
• The Progressives favored the adoption of
an amendment to the Constitution that
gave voters the right to elect their U.S.
senators. They succeeded in their efforts
with the adoption of the Seventeenth
Amendment in 1913.
Initiative
• The right and procedure by which citizens
can propose a law by petition and ensure
its submission to the electorate.
Recall
• the act of removing an official by petition
Referendum
• A vote by the general public, rather than
by governmental bodies, on a bill or some
other important issue
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Panama Canal
• was the biggest engineering project of the era;
Waterway across the Isthmus of Panama. The
canal connects the Atlantic Ocean and the
Pacific Ocean. The United States built it from
1904 to 1914 on territory leased from Panama;
Conflict between the United States and Panama
has centered on control of the canal; a treaty
was signed in 1977 returning control of the
Canal Zone to Panama in 2000. Since that time,
Panama has agreed to neutral operation of the
canal.
Anti-immigrant sentiment
• When Chinese immigrants accepted low
wages for jobs whites had held, employers
lowered the pay for all workers. This
angered the white workers; Japanese
Americans also faced racial prejudice. It
was against California law for them to buy
land or become U.S. citizens, and the
federal government worked with the
government of Japan to limit Japanese
immigration
Chinese Exclusion Act
• passed in 1882 banning all future Chinese
immigration.
Roosevelt Corollary
• an addition (1904) to the Monroe Doctrine,
asserting that the U.S. might intervene in
the affairs of an American republic
threatened with seizure or intervention by
a European country.
Spanish-American War
• Fought in 1898; Was an intervention by the United
States on behalf of Cuba. Mistreatment of Cuban natives
had aroused much resentment in the United States, a
resentment encouraged by yellow journalism. The
incident that led most directly to the war was the
explosion of the United States battleship Maine, an
incident for which many Americans blamed Spain. The
best-remembered incidents in the Spanish-American
War were the charge of the Rough Riders, led by
Theodore Roosevelt, in the Battle of San Juan Hill in
Cuba, and the Battle of Manila Bay in the Philippines, at
which Admiral George Dewey said, “You may fire when
you are ready, Gridley.” The United States acquired
Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines in the war and
gained temporary control over Cuba.
Philippine-American War
• This was America's first true colonial war as a world
power. After defeating Spain in Cuba and in the
Philippines in 1898, the U.S. purchased the Philippines,
Puerto Rico and several other islands from the Spanish.
However, the Filipinos had been fighting a bloody
revolution against Spain since 1896, and had no
intention of becoming a colony of another imperialist
power. In February of 1899, fighting broke out between
the occupying American Army and the Filipino forces.
The war lasted about three years. In the end, the
Philippines was a U.S. territory until 1946.
American Expansion
• In the last decades of the 19th century,
some Americans were eager to spread
democracy into Latin America and other
world regions. Other Americans argued
that this was not the best way to spread
America’s democratic traditions
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League of Nations
• U.S. President Woodrow Wilson incorporated
this proposal into the Fourteen Points at the
Paris Peace Conference in 1919; This was an
international organization founded as a
result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–
1920. The League's goals included
disarmament, preventing war through
collective security, settling disputes between
countries through negotiation, diplomacy
and improving global welfare.
Neutrality
• Woodrow Wilson was determined to
guarantee to keep the United States out
of the war because of this idea, but in
1915 the luxury liner Lusitania was
sunk by a German submarine
14 Points
• Goals of the United States in the peace
negotiations after World War I. President
Woodrow Wilson announced these to
Congress in early 1918. They included public
negotiations between nations, freedom of
navigation, free trade, self-determination for
several nations involved in the war, and the
establishment of an association of nations to
keep the peace. The “association of nations”
Wilson mentioned became the League of
Nations
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• in 1917 Germany resumed this war
tactic, creating great anti- German
feelings among Americans. This
heightened tension led to the U.S.
decision to enter the war; is a type of
naval warfare in which submarines sink
merchant ships without warning.
19th Amendment
• was specifically intended to extend
suffrage to women; provides that
neither the individual states of the
United States nor its federal
government may deny a citizen the
right to vote because of the citizen's
sex. It was proposed on June 4, 1919
and ratified on August 18, 1920
The Great Migration
• was the movement of approximately 7 million
African Americans out of the rural Southern
United States to the North, Midwest and West
from 1916 to 1970. African Americans
migrated to escape widespread racism in the
South, to seek employment opportunities in
industrial cities, to get better education for
their children, and to pursue what was widely
perceived to be a better life in the North.
18th Amendment
• established Prohibition in the United
States. Ratified on January 16, 1919, it
is notable as the only amendment to
the United States Constitution that has
been repealed (by the Twenty-first
Amendment).
Espionage Act
• was a United States federal law passed after entering
World War I, on June 15, 1917, which made it a crime
for a person to convey information with intent to
interfere with the operation or success of the armed
forces or to promote the success of its enemies. It
was punishable by a maximum $ 10,000 fine (almost
$170,000 in today's dollars) and 20 years in prison.
The legislation was passed at the urging of President
Woodrow Wilson, who feared any widespread
dissent in time of war, thinking that it constituted a
real threat to an American victory
Eugene V. Debs
• was an American labor and political
leader, one of the founders of the
International Labor Union and the
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW),
as well as five-time Socialist Party of
America candidate for President of the
United States; was jailed later that year
for his part in the Pullman Strike
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Henry Ford
• father of modern assembly lines used
in mass production
Harlem Renaissance
• accelerated as a consequence of the
First World War; used to describe a
flowering of African-American literature
and art in the 1920s.
MASS PRODUCTION using
Assembly Line
• popularized by Henry Ford in the early
20th Century, notably in his Ford Model
T
Langston Hughes
• poet who wrote about the lives of
working class African Americans and
sometimes set his words to the tempo
of jazz or blues.
Irving Berlin
• was one of the few Tin Pan
Alley/Broadway songwriters who wrote
both lyrics and music for his songs; He
wrote “God Bless America” and “White
Christmas.”
Louis Armstrong
• American jazz trumpet virtuoso, singer;
nicknamed Satchmo and Pops.
Tin Pan Alley
• name given to the collection of New
York City music publishers and
songwriters who dominated the
popular music in the late 19th century
and early 20th century.
Jazz
• the most significant form of musical
expression of African-American culture
Communism
• the movement that aims to overthrow
the capitalist order by revolutionary
means, and to establish a classless
society in which all goods will be
socially owned. The theories of the
movement come from Karl Marx
Immigration Restrictions
• Making rules to slow immigration in the
1920s caused by the belief that people
born in America were superior to
immigrants, and America should keep
its traditional culture intact
Red Scare
• This was caused by fears of subversion
by communists in the United States
after the Russian Revolution
Socialism
• social organization in which the means
of producing and distributing goods is
owned collectively or by a centralized
government that often plans and
controls the economy.
Radio and Movies
• During the 1920s these popular forms
ofentertainment attracted millions of
loyal fans and helped create the first
media stars
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Stock Market Crash
• a sudden dramatic decline of stock prices
across a significant cross-section of a
stock market. 1929
Hoovervilles
• was the popular name for a shanty town,
examples of which were found in many
United States communities during the
Great Depression of the 1930s. The word
"Hooverville" derives from the name of the
President of the United States at the
beginning of the Depression, Herbert
Hoover.
Dust Bowl
• A parched region of the Great Plains,
including parts of Oklahoma, Arkansas,
and Texas, where a combination of
drought and soil erosion created
enormous dust storms in the 1930s.
Great Depression
• the economic crisis and period of low
business activity in the U.S. and other
countries, roughly beginning with the
stock-market crash in October, 1929, and
continuing through most of the 1930s.
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Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
• A Corporation created by the federal
government to promote the economic
development of the Tennessee River
and adjoining areas; Known as a
builder of dams, responsible for flood
control, the generation of electric
power, soil conservation, and other
areas of economic development; Was a
part of the New Deal.
Court Packing Bill
• a law proposed by Franklin Roosevelt. While the
bill contained many provisions, the most
notorious one would have allowed the President
the power to appoint an extra Supreme Court
Justice for every sitting Justice over the age of
70½. This was proposed in response to the
Supreme Court overturning several of his New
Deal measures that proponents claim were
designed to help the United States recover from
the Great Depression; Another name for the
Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937.
• Second New Deal
• the programs President Roosevelt
instituted after his original New Deal
failed to completely fix the American
economy; Wagner Act, Social Security
Act.
Wagner Act
• This law established collective bargaining rights
for workers and prohibited such unfair labor
practices as intimidating workers, attempting to
keep workers from organizing unions, and firing
union members. The law also set up a
government agency where workers could testify
about unfair labor practices and hold elections to
decide whether or not to unionize. Another name
for it is the National Labor Relations Act
Neutrality Acts
• made it illegal to sell arms or make loans to
nations at war. The fourth of these acts,
passed in 1939 in recognition of the Nazi
threat to Western Europe’s democracies,
permitted the sale of arms to nations at war
on a “cash and carry” basis. This meant that
buyers would have to pay cash and send
their own ships to American ports to pick up
the supplies, thereby keeping American
ships from being sunk by the Germans.
Industrial Unionism
• a labor union organizing method through
which all workers in the same industry are
organized into the same union—
regardless of skill or trade—thus giving
workers in one industry more leverage in
bargaining and in strike situations. "an
injury to one is an injury to all" and "the
longer the picket line, the shorter the
strike."
Huey Long
• Roosevelt’s biggest critic; originally
supported the New Deal, but he
changed his mind and set his sights on
replacing Roosevelt as president. Long
proposed for every American a home,
food, clothes, and an education, among
other things.
Social Security Act
• This law consisted of three programs:
• 1. Old-age insurance for retirees aged 65 or
older and their spouses, paid half by the
employee and half by the employer
• 2. Unemployment compensation paid by a
federal tax on employers and administered by
the states
• 3. Aid for the disabled and for families with
dependent children paid by the federal
government and administered by the states
Eleanor Roosevelt
• interested in humanitarian causes and
social progress, and was very vocal
about them; traveled all over the United
States to observe social conditions so
she could keep the president informed
as to the state of the nation; was also
instrumental in convincing Roosevelt
to appoint more women to government
positions
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Allied Powers
• China, France, Great Britain, Soviet Union,
United States. WWII alliance?
Axis Powers
• Germany, Italy, Japan WWII alliance
Rationing
• A fixed portion, especially an amount of
food allotted to persons in military service
or to civilians in times of scarcity; Used
during WWII to conserve rare resources.
A. Philip Randolph
• the founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
Porters, proposed a march on Washington, D.C., to
protest discrimination in the military and in industry.
He called on African Americans from all over the
United States to come to Washington and join him.
President Roosevelt, afraid the march might cause
unrest among whites, summoned Randolph to the
White House and asked him to call off the march.
When Randolph refused, Roosevelt issued an
executive order calling on employers and labor
unions to cease discrimination in hiring practices in
industries related to defense. As a result of
Roosevelt’s actions, the march was cancelled.
Wartime Conservation
• One way average Americans helped the
war effort; Carpooling, ride bicycles to
save gasoline and rubber, collecting scrap
iron, tin cans, newspaper, rags, cooking
grease to recycle and use in war
production.
Internment
• camps were Japanese Americans, there
were also small numbers of German
Americans and Italian Americans
imprisoned, as well as hundreds of
Native Americans from Alaska; In the
name of national security, Roosevelt
ordered all people of Japanese
ancestry be moved from California and
parts of Washington, Oregon, and
Arizona to rural prison camps.
Mobilization
• to organize or adapt (industries,
transportation facilities, etc.) for service to
the government in time of war.
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Tet Offensive
• attacks by communist forces in the
Vietnam War. Vietnamese communist
troops seized and briefly held some major
cities at the time of the lunar new year, or
Tet; A turning point in the war, damaged
the hopes of United States officials that
the combined forces of the United States
and South Vietnam could win.
Marshall Plan
• A program by which the United States
gave large amounts of economic aid to
European countries to help them rebuild
after the devastation of World War II. It
was proposed by the United States
secretary of state, General George C.
Marshall
Vietnam War
• A war in Southeast Asia, in which the United States
fought in the 1960s and 1970s. The war was waged from
1954 to 1975 between communist North Vietnam and
noncommunist South Vietnam, two parts of what was
once the French colony of Indochina. Vietnamese
communists attempted to take over the South, both by
invasion from the North and by guerrilla warfare
conducted within the South by the Viet Cong. Presidents
Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy sent
increasing numbers of American military advisers to
South Vietnam in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
Kennedy's successor, President Lyndon Johnson,
increased American military support greatly, until half a
million United States soldiers were in Vietnam.
Containment
• a policy of creating strategic alliances to
check the expansion of a hostile power or
ideology or to force it to negotiate
peacefully; "containment of communist
expansion was a central principle of
United States' foreign policy from 1947 to
the 1975".
Cuban Missile Crisis
• A confrontation between the United States and
the Soviet Union in 1962 over the presence of
missile sites in Cuba; one of the “hottest” periods
of the cold war. The Soviet premier, Nikita
Khrushchev, placed Soviet military missiles in
Cuba, which had come under Soviet influence
since the success of the Cuban Revolution three
years earlier. President John F. Kennedy of the
United States set up a naval blockade of Cuba
and insisted that Khrushchev remove the
missiles. Khrushchev did.
Truman Doctrine
• President Truman's policy of providing
economic and military aid to any country
threatened by communism or totalitarian
ideology.
Cuban Revolution
• the revolution led by Fidel Castro and a
small band of guerrilla fighters against a
corrupt dictatorship in Cuba; 1956-1959.
Korean War
• the war, begun on June 25, 1950, between
North Korea, aided by Communist China,
and South Korea, aided by the United
States and other United Nations members
forming a United Nations armed force:
truce signed July 27, 1953.
Bay of Pigs
• The location of a failed attempt by Cuban exiles
to invade Cuba in 1961. The invaders,
numbering about fourteen hundred, had left after
the Cuban Revolution and returned to overthrow
the new Cuban leader, Fidel Castro; they were
trained and equipped by the United States
Central Intelligence Agency. The operation was
a disaster for the invaders, most of whom were
killed or taken prisoner. The Bay of Pigs incident
is generally considered the most humiliating
episode in the presidency of John F. Kennedy,
who had approved the invasion.
Chinese Civil War
• fought from 1927 to 1949. On one side were the
Communists, backed by the Soviet Union, supported by
many poor people. On the others side were the
Nationalists, supported by the United States. They were
backed by the United States and the United Kingdom,
and they had the support of the richer people and the
Chinese who lived in cities. The Communists were lead
by Mao Zedong, and the Nationalists were lead by
Chiang Kai-shek. In 1949, the Communists chased the
Nationalists out of the biggest part of China, the
mainland. The Nationalists came to an island called
Taiwan, and stayed there. Mao named China the
People's Republic of China and he became its leader
until he died in 1976. Today, the two sides still do not like
each other, but they aren't fighting any more.
McCarthyism
• a period of intense anti-Communist suspicion in
the United States from the late 1940s to the mid
to late 1950s. The term gets it name from U.S.
Senator Joseph McCarthy. The period is also
referred to as the Second Red Scare. It
happened at the same time as increased fears
of Communist influence on American institutions,
espionage by Soviet agents such as the
Rosenbergs, heightened tension from Soviet
control over Eastern Europe, the success of the
Chinese Communist revolution (1949) and the
Korean War (1950-1953).
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Sputnik I
In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial
satellite; a feat that caused many Americans to
believe the United States had “fallen behind” the
Soviet Union in terms of understanding science and
the uses of technology. The success of the Soviet
satellite launch led to increased U.S. government
spending on education, especially in mathematics
and science, and on national military defense
programs. This increased Cold War tensions by
heightening U.S. fears that the Soviet Union might
use rockets to launch nuclear weapons against the
United States and its allied nations.
Baby Boom!
• soldiers returned home to America after WW
II and settled back into the lives they had left
behind. One effect of this was a huge growth
in population. From the mid-1940s to the
mid-1960s the birthrate quickly increased,
reaching its high point in 1957, a year when
over four million babies were born. The
generation referred to as Baby Boomers is
the largest generation in American history.
Cellular Telephone
• a mobile system using low-powered
radio transmitters, with each
transmitter covering a distinct
geographical area or cell, and computer
equipment to switch a call from one
area to another, thus enabling largescale car or portable phone service.
Levittown
• developed as a mass-produced area of
private, low-cost housing. Each of the
more than 17,000 nearly identical twobedroom Cape Cod-style homes were
built on a concrete slab and offered 800
sq ft (74 sq m) of space in a suburban
setting.
Personal Computer
• is a computer whose original sales
price, size, and capabilities make it
useful for individuals.
Kennedy/ Nixon Presidential
Debates
• In the 1960 national election campaign these
debates were the first ones ever shown on
TV. Seventy million people tuned in.
Although Nixon was more knowledgeable
about foreign policy and other topics,
Kennedy looked and spoke more forcefully
because he had been coached by television
producers. Kennedy’s performance in the
debate helped him win the presidency. These
debates changed the shape of American
politics.
TV News Coverage of Civil Rights
Movement
• changed the shape of American culture. Americans
who might never have attended a civil rights
demonstration saw and heard them on their TVs in
the 1960s. In 1963, TV reporters showed helmeted
police officers from Birmingham, Alabama, spraying
black children with high-pressure fire hoses, setting
police dogs to attack the children, and then clubbing
the children, who had been walking in a protest
march. This helped many Americans turn their
sympathies toward ending racial segregation and
persuaded Kennedy that new laws were the only way
to end the racial violence and give African
Americans the civil rights they were demanding.
Interstate Highway Act
• This act helped develop road connecting
cities, and bring people from the Suburbs
to the Urban areas.
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