Transcript Slide 1

Chapter 17: Foreign Policy and
National Defense
1. Isolationism
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Isolationism: A purposeful refusal to
become generally involved n the affairs of
the rest of the world.
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The U.S. has made a shift from isolationism
to internationalism.
•
Following the sacrifices in the World War I,
the United States population turned to
isolationism during the 1920s.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShejyJZ1P
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2. Isolationism
• The population opposed any action by the
government that would drag the country into
another European war.
• This isolationist tendency led to the imposition
of tariffs, thought to be a significant factor in
causing the Great Depression.
• WWII convinced the U.S. that no one nation
could live in complete isolation from the rest of
the world.
3. Isolationism
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The world is currently seen as a national village of
nations. What does that mean?
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Wars and political upheavals across the globe
impact the daily lives of citizens in the U.S.
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Can you think of one example of this currently
happening in the U.S.?
4. Isolationism
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Most people believe that the only way to unite
such a fractured world is through policies
designed to protect and promote security of
citizens in the U.S.
•
Non-interventionism, the diplomatic policy
whereby a nation seeks to avoid alliances with
other nations, has had a long history in the
United States.
5. Non-Interventionism
• U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, after winning
the election with the slogan, "he kept us out of
war," promptly intervened in World War I.
6. Non-Interventionism
• Yet non-interventionist sentiment remained —
but the US Congress refused to endorse the
League of Nations (early UN).
7. Non-Interventionism
• U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's
efforts to aid countries against Nazi Germany's
and Imperial Japan's aggression through
economic aid and embargoes undermined this
non-interventionism.
• Almost immediately after the Pearl Harbor
attacks, the American peace movement quickly
lost support and evaporated.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VqQAf74fs
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8. Non-Interventionism post WWII
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President Jimmy Carter's intervention in the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
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President Ronald Reagan's 1983 intervention in Grenada
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President George Herbert Walker Bush's 1989 intervention in Panama to arrest
General Manuel Noriega
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President George Herbert Walker Bush's 1991 intervention in Kuwait
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President George Herbert Walker Bush's 1992 intervention in Somalia, ostensibly for
humanitarian reasons (continued under President Bill Clinton.)
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President Bill Clinton's 1995 intervention in Bosnia, ostensibly to prevent ethnic
cleansing and his 1999 intervention in Kosovo and attacks on Serbia on behalf of the
Muslim Albanian-led Kosovo Liberation Army
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President Bill Clinton's and president George W. Bush's embargo of Iraq
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President George W. Bush's 2001 intervention in Afghanistan against the Taliban
following the September 11 Attacks.
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President George W. Bush's 2003 invasion of Iraq to depose Saddam Hussein.
9. Foreign Policy
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Foreign Policy  The actions and stand that
a nation takes in every aspect of its
relationships with other countries; everything a
nation’s government says and does in world
affairs.
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Foreign Policies include things such as
treaties and alliances, international trade, the
defense budget, foreign economic and military
aid, the United Nations, nuclear weapons
testing, and disarmament negotiations.
10. Foreign Policy
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The foreign relations of the United States are
marked by the country's large economy, well-funded
military, and notable political influence.
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According to estimates given in the CIA World
Factbook, the United States has the world's largest
economy, the world's most well-funded military, and
a large amount of political influence.
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Often American policy must be defensive in nature.
11. Foreign Policy
– Leaders often must adjust it to meet the actions of
some other country.
– The president serves as both the chief diplomat
and commander-in-chief, however only Congress
can declare war.
– In his farewell address Dwight D. Eisenhower
warned about the dangers of the military industrial
complex.
– http://archive.org/details/gov.ntis.ava11109vnb1
12. Foreign Policy
– In his farewell address
Dwight D. Eisenhower
warned about the dangers
of the military industrial
complex (MIC).
– Eisenhower warned about
the “Iron Triangle”.
– The “Iron Triangle” is
made up of defense
contractors (industry), The
Pentagon (military), and
the U.S. government.
– http://www.youtube.com/w
13. Foreign Policy
– The fear was that the "MIC" or the "iron triangle“
would work as a cartel that works against the public
interest, whose motivation is profiteering.
– Eisenhower was afraid if Congress too willingly
handed over the power to wage war to the
President that we would begin to resemble an
imperial power like Japan, NAZI Germany, or
Russia.
– Have we done just that???
14. State Department
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The State Dept. is the right arm in foreign
affairs.
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The Secretary of State ranks first among the
members of the President’s cabinet.
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The duties of the Secretary of State relate
almost solely to foreign affairs today.
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There are nearly 25,000 employees under the
watch of the sec. of state.
14. State Department
• The current Secretary of
State is John Kerry.
• The Secretary is a
member of the
President's Cabinet.
• She or he is the highest
rank cabinet secretary
both in line of
succession and order of
precedence.
15. State Department
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The Foreign Service
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Under int’l law every nation has the right of
legation the right to send and receive
diplomatic representatives.
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This is an ancient practice that dates back to
Egyptian civilization 6,000 years ago.
16. Ambassadors
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The U.S. has 160 ambassadors in different
nations across the world today.
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The President appoints ambassadors with the
consent of the Senate.
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Each individual ambassador is the personal
representative of the President of the U.S.
17. Ambassadors
• It is an ambassador’s duty to keep the
President informed of all the “goings-on” in the
country he/she is in.
• An ambassador must have a wealth of
knowledge about the language, people, history,
and customs of the country they are located in.
18. Passports
• A passport is a certificate
issued by a government to
its citizens who travel or live
abroad.
• A visa is a permit to enter
another state and must be
obtained from the country
one wishes to enter.
19. Diplomatic Immunity
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Not being subject to the laws of the state to
which they are accredited. They cannot be
arrested, sued or taxed. Their residence
cannot be searched.
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If a host gov’t finds a diplomat’s conduct
unacceptable, that official may be declared
persona non grata and expelled from the
country.
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Persona non grata = “an unwelcome person”
20. Diplomatic Immunity
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Diplomatic immunity is a generally
accepted practice. But there are
exceptions.
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The most serious breach in
modern times occurred in Iran in
late 1979.
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Militant leaders of the Ayatollah
Khomeini seized the American
embassy and 52 American
hostages were taken for 444 days.
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They were eventually released
after Ronald Reagan became
President.
21. The Defense Department
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“War is the continuation of political relations
by other means”. Karl von Clausewitz
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The Secretary of Defense  Two major
responsibilities:
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The President’s chief aide and advisor in making
and carrying out defense policy.
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Operating head of the Defense Department.
22. The Defense Department
• The Sec. of Defense and the President of the
United States together constitute the National
Command Authority (NCA), which has sole
authority to launch strategic nuclear weapons.
• All nuclear weapons are governed by the twoman rule, even at the highest levels in
government.
• Both individuals must concur before a strategic
nuclear strike may be ordered.
23. The Defense Department
• Chuck Hagel is the
current Secretary of
Defense.
• He replaced Donald
Rumsfeld.
• The budget of the
defense dept. is $419
billion annually.
24. Military Departments
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The Army
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The largest and
the oldest of the
armed services.
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Was created by
Congress on
June 14th, 1775.
25. Military Departments
• The army must be ready to:
– Defeat any attack on the U.S. itself.
– Take swift and forceful action to protect American
interests in any other part of the world.
– During fiscal year 2010, the Regular Army
reported a strength of 561,979 soldiers; the Army
National Guard (ARNG) reported 362,015 and the
United States Army Reserve (USAR) reported
205,281 putting the combined component
strength total at 1,129,275 soldiers.
26. Military Departments
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The marines are the combat-ready land
force for the Navy.
195,000 active (as of February 2013)
40,000 reserve (as of 2010)
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The navy must be ready to:
–
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Seize or defend land bases from which the ships
of the fleet and the navy and marine air arms can
operate.
Carry out other land operations essential to a
naval campaign.
27. Military Departments
• Air Force
• As of 2012 the US Air Force has 332,854
active personnel, 185,522 civilian personnel,
71,400 reserve personnel, 106,700 air guard
personnel and a $140 billion budget.
• The youngest military service.
• The USAF serves as the first line of defense.
28. Military Departments
• B-52 Bomber
29. Military Departments
• B-2 Stealth Bomber
30. Other Defense Agencies
• The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an
intelligence agency of the United States
Government.
• Its primary function is obtaining and analyzing
information about foreign governments,
corporations, and persons, and reporting such
information to the branches of the Government.
31. Other Defense Agencies
• Its secondary function is propaganda or public
relations, overt and covert information
dissemination, both true and false, and
influencing others to decide in favor of the
United States Government.
• The third function of the CIA is as the hidden
hand of the U.S. government, by engaging in
covert operations at the direction of the
President.
32. Other Defense Agencies
• Its headquarters are in the
community of Langley,
Virginia, a few miles Northwest
from downtown Washington,
D.C. along the Potomac River.
• John O. Brennan is the current
director of the CIA.
33. Selective Service System
• From 1940 to 1973 the draft, -- military
conscription, compulsory military service – was
a major source of military manpower.
• From 1948 to 1973 nearly 5 million young men
were drafted.
• The draft law places a military obligation on all
males in the U.S. between the ages of 18 ½
and 26.
34. Foreign Policy
• The Monroe Doctrine solidified our ideas of
isolationism.
• In 1823 Pres. James Monroe stated, “any
attempt on their part to extend their system
to any portion of this hemisphere as
dangerous to our peace and safety”.
• The Monroe Doctrine was eventually used to
explain intervention in South and Central
America.
35. Foreign Policy
• The Open Door Policy in China.
• An American doctrine that promoted equal
trade access for all nations and a demand
that China’s independence be recognized.
• The Open Door policy worsened the
relationship between the U.S. and Japan.
36. Foreign Policy and the World Wars
• Germany’s attack against U.S. ships brought us
out of our isolationist cocoon.
• America entered WWI to “make the world safe
for democracy”
• Sound familiar?
• Following the wars the U.S. adopted a policy of
collective security.
37. Foreign Policy and the World Wars
• Collective Security  the purpose of the U.N.,
to create a system in which participating
nations agree to take joint action to meet a
threat.
• In recent history collective security has been a
corner stone of American foreign policy.
• The policy of deterrence is also another major
form of U.S. policy.
38. U.S. Foreign Policy Today
• Deterrence  the policy of making the U.S.
and its allies so strong that its very strength will
prevent any attack.
• During the Cold War the U.S. adopted the
policy of containment.
• Containment says that the goal is to contain
Soviet communism w/in its borders to promote
the eventual collapse.