Transcript Section 4: Foreign Aid and Defense Alliances

Chapter 17:
Foreign Policy And National
Defense
Whytne Kingsley
Luke Reinke
Rachel Pregont
Section 1: Foreign Affairs
and National Security
Foreign policy includes all the stands and actions a
nation takes in its relationships with other nations.
The State Department carries out the President’s
diplomatic policies. The armed forces provide the
nation’s defense, but are under civilian control of the
President.
Isolationism to Internationalism
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Domestic Affairs: all matters not directly connected to the realm
of foreign affairs.
Foreign Affairs: a nation’s relationships with other countries.
Isolationism: a purposeful refusal to become generally involved
in the affairs of the rest of the world.
The past 60 years have been marked by a profound change in
the place of the U.S. in world affairs.
Wars and other political upheavals abroad have an impact on
the U.S. and on the daily lives of the American people.
Economic conditions have a direct effect on our country. The
American economy has become part of a truly global economy.
Drug cartels remain in Latin America and in Southeast Asia
There are emerging dangers of chemical and biological
weapons
Foreign Policy Defined and the
State Department
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Foreign Policy: a group of policies made up of all the
stands and actions that a nation takes in every aspect of
its relationships with other countries; everything a nation’s
government says and does in world affairs.
The President is both the nations chief diplomat and the
commander of the armed forces.
The President bears the responsibility for both the making
and the conduct of foreign policy.
Headed by Secretary of State, also known as the
President’s right arm in foreign policy.
The Secretary of State and Department of State are
people the President looks to for advice.
Secretary of State
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The Secretary of State
ranks first among the
members of the President’s
Cabinet.
The Dept. of Foreign Affairs
had first been created in
1781 under the articles of
Confederation.
The first woman to hold the
post, Madeleine Albright,
was appointed by former
President Clinton in 1997.
Colin Powell was the first
African American appointed
by George W. Bush.
Organization & Components
Some of the agencies, such as
the Bureau of African Affairs and
the Bureau of Near East Affairs,
deal with matters involving
particular regions of the world.
Most bureaus are headed by
assistant secretaries and include
several offices.
The Foreign Service
Right of Legation: the right to send and receive diplomatic
representatives.
About 6,000 men and women now represent the U.S. abroad as
members of the Foreign Service.
The Second Continental Congress named the nation’s first
foreign services officer in 1778.
Ambassadors
Ambassador: an official representative of the United States
appointed by the President to represent the nation in matters of
diplomacy.
American embassies are found in more then 180 countries
around the world.
President Truman named the first woman was ambassador to
Denmark in 1949.
Special Diplomats
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These are the people whom the Presidents name to certain
other top diplomatic posts and they also carry the rank of
ambassador.
The President also give the personal rank of ambassador to
those diplomats who take on special assignments.
Passports
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A passport is a certificate issued by a government to its
citizens who travel or live abroad.
The State Department’s Office of Passport Services issues
some 8 million passports to American’s each year.
Diplomatic Immunity: when an ambassador is not subject to
the laws of the state in which they are accredited.
The Defense Department
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Congress established the Department of Defense in the
National Security Act of 1947.
 The founders of the constitution understood the importance
of the nation’s defense.
 The principal of civilian control has always been a major
factor in the making of defense policy.
 The Department of Defense if headed by the Secretary of
Defense
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Two Major Responsibilities- President’s chief advisor in carrying out
defense policy and the operating head of the Defense Department.
There are 5 members of the Joint Chief of Staff: Chairman
of Joint Chiefs, the Army Chief, Chief of Navel Operations,
Commandant of the Marine Corps, and the Air Force Chief
of Staff.
The Military Departments
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3 military departments: Army, Navy, and Air Force
All operate within a verified structure
Army is the largest of the armed services and oldest, established
in 1775.
Must be prepared to defeat any attacks on the U.S., take action
to protect American Interests, organize, equip, and train the
armed forces.
The regular Army is the nations standing Army, now 410,000 men
and 70,000 women prepared to fight.
The U.S. Navy was formed in 1775 to protect the sea.
The Chief of Navel operations is the Navy’s highest ranking
officer.
385 officers and 50,000 men and women are serving
The Marines are a combat ready land forces for the Navy.
The Air Force was formed in 1947 to defend in the air, on the
ground, and other related targets.
Section 2: Other Foreign
and Defense Agencies
Besides the Departments of State and Defense,
several other government agencies are closely
involved with foreign policy. These agencies
oversee such tasks as gathering and analyzing
intelligence information, supervising the draft,
exploring space, and strengthening homeland
security.
The CIA
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Central Intelligence Agency is a key part of the foreign policy
establishment, established by Congress in 1987.
The CIA has 3 major tasks: coordinate the info-gathering
activities of all states, analyze and evaluate all data
collected, and brief the President and National Security.
Espionage: spying
Department of Homeland Security
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Terrorism: the use of violence to intimidate a government or
society.
Basic Responsibilities: border and transportation security,
infrastructure protection, emergency preparedness and
response, intelligence, and all types of defense.
NASA
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Only 40 years old, founded in 1957
Armstrong and Aldwin were the first Americans on the moon
on July 20, 1969.
Section 3: American
Foreign Policy Overview
A knowledge of the history of American foreign policy is
essential to understanding foreign policy issues today.
Over time, the United States changed from an
isolationist nation to a world power. Although the United
States is the only superpower today, the world remains a
dangerous place.
Foreign Policy From
Independence Through WWI
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Monroe Doctrine and Manifest
Destiny shaped American foreign
policy through WWI.
 The nation expanded and became a
colonial power during the time of
WWI.
WWI and the Return of
Isolationism
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more than 20 years after WWI an
isolationist United States remained aloof
protection by its two oceans.
 The United States were force out of
Isolationism after the German submarines
campaigned against American shipping in
the North Atlantic.
WWII
 Americans
historical commitment to
isolationism was finally ended by
WWII.
 The two world wars ended Americans
traditional policy of isolationism and
led to a policy of internationalism
Two New Principles
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The nations foreign policy
remains what is always
has been: The protection
of the security of the
United States.
Building a network of
regional security alliances
in another way that the
United States has taken
another path of security.
Victory in WWII made the
United States one of the
two world superpowers,
and led to the policies of
collective security and
deterrence
Resisting Soviet Aggression
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During the time of the cold was the
US followed the policy of containment
to resist the Soviet aggression
The Soviets tried to force Germany to
withdrawal from was Berlin. The US
mounted a massive airlift to keep the
city alive until the blockade was lifted.
The Korean War was the fist time in
history that armed forces of several
nations fought under an international
flag against aggression.
In 1962 during the time of the Cuban
Missile Crisis President Kennedy
ordered a naval blockade of Cuba to
prevent the delivery of any more
missiles cause the Soviets to back
down.
The Truman
Doctrine became part
of a broader American
plan for dealing with
the Soviets.
Détente and the return to
Containment
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the United States withdrew from
Vietnam the Nixon administration
embarked on a policy of détente, the
attempt to improve relations with the soviet
Union and separately with china.
 Détente is to improve relations with the
soviet Union.
Section 4: Foreign Aid and
Defense Alliances
The United States works with other nations to
keep the peace and to ensure political stability
around the world. American foreign aid
strengthens the economies and security of
nations important to the United States.
Foreign Aid
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Foreign Aid: economic and military aid to other countries.
Began with the Land-Lease program in the 1940s
Sent more then $500 billion in aid to more then 100
countries in the world
Marshall Plan: $12.5 billion into 16 European nations
between 1948 and 1952
Military assistance has become a large part of aid
Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America are now the
largest receivers of aid
Most aid money is used to buy American goods and
services
Agency for International Development (AID) administers
economic aid while the military aid is handled by the
Defense Department
Security Alliances & NATO
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Regional Security Alliances: treaties in which the U.S. and other
countries involved have agreed to take collective action to meet
aggression in a particular part of the world.
North Atlantic Treaty signed in 1949 created NATO
NATO was formed to promote the collective defense of Western Europe,
particularly against the Soviet Union
Each of the countries (United States, Canada, Greenland, Iceland,
Norway, United Kingdom, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg,
France, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czech
Republic, Turkey, Greece) agreed that “an armed attack against one or
more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack
against them all”
Defense includes military intervention in conflicts that might destabilize
Europe
In mid-2003 NATO took command of the International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan.
The ISAF has also played a major role in rebuilding the war torn country
of Afghanistan.
Other Alliances
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Rio Pact, or Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal
Assistance was signed in 1947 uniting the U.S.,
Canada, and 32 other Latin American countries.
 ANZUS Pact of 1951 uniting Australia, New Zealand,
and the U.S.
 Japanese Pact of 1951: a peace treaty signed after
WWII
 Philippines Pact of 1951
 Korean Pact of 1953
 Taiwan Pact of 1954
The United Nations
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The UN was formed at the United Nations Conference on
International Organization
The U.S. was the first to ratify the UN Charter on July 24,
1945.
Purposes of the UN: the maintenance of international peace
and security, the development of friendly relations between
and among all nations, and the promotion of justice and
cooperation in the solution of international problems.
Currently has 191 members
Six “Principal Organs”: General Assembly, Security Council,
Trusteeship Council, Economic and Social Council,
International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat.
UN Security Council: a 15-member panel which bears the
UN’s major responsibility for keeping international peace.
Other Important UN Bodies
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Economic and Social
Council (ECOSOC)
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WHO
ILO
IMF
World Bank
IFAD
FAO
UNIDO
ICAO
IMO
ITU
UPU
WIPO
WMO
UNESCO
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Trusteeship Council: The
UN Charter requires each
member to promote the
well-being of the peoples
of all “non-self-governing
territories” as “sacred
trust.”
 International Court of
Justice: UN’s judicial
department
 Secretariat: civil service
branch of the UN
Chapter 17 Test: Answer the 20
questions (5 per slide) and the answers
will appear on the slide after questions
16-20.
Good Luck!
1. The United States began to emerge as a world power after
A. World War II.
B. Spanish-American War.
C. Revolutionary War.
D. World War I.
2. The Framers included civilian control in the Constitution to
A. protect free government from the inherent threat of military power.
B. reconfirm that the government was established and run by the American
people.
C. prevent civilians from being forced to quarter troops.
D. ensure that the President was not a member of the military.
3. Tools of U.S. foreign policy include alliances, economic and military aid to other nations, and
A. taxation.
B. UN membership.
C. domestic affairs.
D. gender discrimination.
4. What is necessary for the draft to be reactivated?
A. The President must re-enact conscription.
B. Congress must renew the President's power to order the draft.
C. The Joint Chiefs of Staff must agree that additional manpower is required.
D. The Department of Defense must formally propose to the President that
national compulsory military service be reinstated.
5. NATO is a regional security alliance that was formed to promote the defense of
A. Western Europe.
B. Middle East.
C. Philippines.
D. Latin America.
6. Which of the following leaders deserves much of the credit for the end of the cold war?
A. Mikhail Gorbachev
B. Bill Clinton
C. Jimmy Carter
D. Boris Yeltsin
7. The international organization that works to maintain international peace and security is the
A. League of Nations.
B. United Nations.
C. World Peace Organization.
D. State Department.
8. The United States has endeavored to ensure collective security by
A. changing its foreign policy to reflect its isolated stance.
B. decreasing the amount it spends on foreign aid.
C. shutting down U.S. military bases in Europe and Asia.
D. setting up a network of regional alliances.
9. The spread of communism in Eastern Europe led to the
A. establishment of the United Nations.
B. Truman Doctrine.
C. return to isolationism by the United States.
D. Monroe Doctrine.
10. United States foreign policy in Central and South America was largely shaped by
A. Seward's Folly.
B. the Monroe Doctrine.
C. Open Door Policy.
D. Manifest Destiny.
11. In order to visit a foreign country, a traveler is usually required to possess
A. a passport.
B. diplomatic immunity.
C. a social security card.
D. a visa from the American consulate.
12. A period of détente occurred
A. after the United States won World War II.
B. during the 1800s.
C. during the 1940s.
D. as the United States withdrew from the Vietnam War.
13. The arrest of an ambassador would be considered a violation of
A. foreign policy.
B. diplomatic immunity.
C. the principle of civilian control.
D. espionage.
14. Making America and its allies strong militarily in order to discourage attack is called
A. prevention.
B. discouragement.
C. deterrence.
D. aggression.
15. When Benjamin Franklin became America's minister to France he was exercising
A. détente.
B. the right of legation.
C. domestic policy.
D. senatorial courtesy.
16. What military conflict was the first in history to have armed forces of several nations fighting
under an international flag against aggression?
A. World War II
B. the Vietnam War
C. the Cold War
D. the Korean War
17. Which of the following plays a key role in creating U.S. military policy?
A. the Central Intelligence Agency
B. the Joint Chiefs of Staff
C. the Secretary of State
D. ambassadors and other diplomats
18. After World War II, the United States
A. moved from an international role to an isolationist role.
B. moved from creating security alliances to joining political alliances.
C. moved from an isolationist role to an international role.
D. formed the League of Nations.
19. All of the following are major tasks of the Central Intelligence Agency EXCEPT
A. maintenance of domestic intelligence.
B. analysis and evaluation of data collected in the areas of foreign affairs and
national defense.
C. coordination of information-gathering activities of agencies involved in foreign
affairs.
D. apprising the President and National Security Council of all intelligence
gathered.
20. Which of the following lists the events in correct chronological order?
A. Cuban Missile Crisis, Korean War, Vietnam War, Persian Gulf War
B. Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War, Persian Gulf War
C. Vietnam War, Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Persian Gulf War
D. Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Persian Gulf War, Vietnam War
Answers
1. World War II.
2. protect free government from the inherent threat of military power.
3. UN membership.
4. Congress must renew the President's power to order the draft.
5. Western Europe.
6. Mikhail Gorbachev
7. United Nations.
8. setting up a network of regional alliances.
9. Truman Doctrine.
10. the Monroe Doctrine.
11. a passport.
12. as the United States withdrew from the Vietnam War.
13. diplomatic immunity.
14. deterrence.
15. the right of legation.
16. the Korean War
17. the Joint Chiefs of Staff
18. moved from an isolationist role to an international role.
19. maintenance of domestic intelligence.
20. Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War, Persian Gulf War