Transcript The Road to Revolution

The Road to Revolution
Chapter 9
1826-1835
Dictionary.com
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Tranquility – a state of peace and quiet
Commotion - civil disturbance; disorder
Anarchy - political disorder and confusion
Hostilities - acts of war; overt warfare
Lamented - to regret deeply
What do you know?
What comes to mind when you
hear the word revolution? Do
you think of military battles?
Or do you see revolution as a
form of change or movement?
You are probably familiar with
several different kinds of
revolutions.
1
OBJECTIVES
• Explain why tensions arose between the
Mexican government and the Texas settlers.
• Identify the events that led to the passage of
the Law of April 6, 1830.
• Describe the effect that the Law of April 6,
1830, had on Texas colonists.
Tensions Mount Between
Mexico and Texas
Not long after colonization began in
Texas, conflicts erupted between
the Mexican government and the
colonists. Even though Mexican
officials attempted to control the
conflicts, their efforts served to anger
and unify the colonists.
Differences Arise
• Settlers from the United States had to
agree to adopt the laws and government
of New Spain.
– convert to Catholic faith
– pledge loyalty to the Spanish king and queen
• Some colonists were willing to change
their way of life and live as the Mexican
government wanted them to.
• But, many colonists did not really want to
become loyal citizens of Mexico.
A Question of States’ Rights
• As in the United States of America, Mexico
was divided into various states. Mexico’s
Constitution of 1824 gave each of
those states certain rights.
• A states’ rights government is where the
states have most of the political power.
Before the Constitution of 1824 most of the
power was in the hands of the federal
government.
Constitution of 1824
• Established a states rights
government
–Texans LOVED this
Constitution.
–The Mexican government was
afraid that this would give the
Texans too much power.
A Question of States’ Right
• Some leaders of the Mexican government
did not approve of the states’ having so
much power under the Constitution of
1824.
• They felt that the power should belong to
the national government.
• These Mexican nationalists were
concerned that too many settlers from the
United States were moving to Texas.
States’ Rights Issue
Centralists/Nationalists
Anti-Centralists
Supported removing some
powers from the states and
giving more powers to the
national government.
The federal government
should hold most of the
power.
Wanted important political
powers to remain with the
states.
The states should hold
most of the power.
President Bustamante
Constitution of 1824
A Question of States’ Rights
• Texas was in the state of Coahuila y
Tejas.
• Since the state of Coahuila y Tejas was
on the border with the United States
many American colonists settled there.
• The Mexican government worried about
too many American colonists coming to
Texas because they might have wanted
to make Texas a part of America.
HADEN EDWARDS
• empresario
• was given a land grant around
Nacogdoches.
• went to his land and found Cherokees
and Mexicans living there.
• hung signs stating that if they couldn’t
prove they legally owned their land,
they MUST leave.
SHOW PROOF
OF LAND
OWNERSHIP
OR LEAVE!
Competing Land Claims
• Edwards’ response to the squatters
angered Stephen F. Austin and other
settlers in Texas. Austin wrote a letter
to Edwards which called his behavior,
“imprudent and improper” and
“calculated to ruin yourself and
materially injure all the American
settlements”.
• Other settlers wrote complaint letters
to the Mexican government.
http://home.austin.rr.com/texrev/1826.HTM
HADEN
EDWARDS
http://libweb.sfasu.edu/etrc/COLLECT/MANSCRPT/PERSONAL/EdwardsHaden/edwmain.htm
Governor Blanco
reversed the election
decision and ordered
the Edwards brothers
to LEAVE TEXAS!
• An election for
alcalde was held on
Edward’s land.
• Norris won the
election but
Edwards said his
son-in-law won.
• Many were angry!
FREDONIAN REBELLION
• Edwards, Cherokee leaders, and a few
others formed the
• Mexican authorities heard this and were
afraid this group would take over Texas.
• Colonel Ahumada and Stephen F. Austin
went to suppress the rebellion.
• The conflict ended quickly.
• The Edwards brothers ran off to
Louisiana.
http://www.rootsweb.com/~usgenweb/maps/texas/misc/fredonia.jpg
An Attempt to Purchase Texas
• In 1826 the president of the United States was
John Quincy Adams. People in America at that
time wanted to move westward where there was
more land and opportunity.
• Adams wanted to win the support of the
American people so he sent Joel R. Poinsett to
Mexico with an offer to buy Texas for $1 million
dollars.
• The Mexican government was offended that
anyone would think they would consider selling
part of their country.
The Mier y Teran Report
• Mexican officials became suspicious
of the colonization in Texas because
they worried that if too many settlers
came from the United States they
would lose control of the area.
• General Manuel Mier y Teran was
sent to investigate Texas and write a
report about what was going on there.
The Mier y Teran Report
• Mier y Teran’s report claimed that there
were many more American settlers then
Mexican settlers in Texas. He said that
the United States had a strong influence
on those living in Texas and that these
settlers were trading with the U.S.
• Mier y Teran’s suggestion was to keep
slavery illegal in Mexico so that Texas
would be a less desirable place for
colonists to settle.
The Law of April 6, 1830
• outlawed immigration from the United
States to Texas
• canceled all empresarial grants
• People were no longer allowed to come
from the United States and settle in Texas.
• However, people from Mexico and Europe
WERE allowed to settle in Texas.
The Law of April 6, 1830
• There were other provisions in the law that
were meant to slow or stop Anglo
American immigration.
• Slaves could no longer be brought into
Mexico.
• New forts and presidios were built.
• Customs duties were put on all goods
entering Texas from the United States.
The Law of April 6, 1830
• Anglo Texans were alarmed!
• Since they could no longer bring slaves
into Texas they had trouble farming their
cotton.
• The new taxes hurt the economy of
Texans.
• Texans were upset that their friends and
relatives from the United States could not
join them in Texas.
The Law of April 6, 1830
• This law not only made Texans mad, it
also raised serious political questions
within Mexico.
• Under the Constitution of 1824, this law
should have been a state issue.
• Instead, the Law of April 6, 1830 came
from the national government.
• This law didn’t resolve the crisis in Texas,
instead it made the tension worse between
Texans and the Mexican government.
1
MAIN IDEA
Not long after colonization began in Texas,
conflicts erupted between the Mexican
government and the colonists. Even though
Mexican officials attempted to control the
conflicts, their efforts served to anger and unify
the colonists.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The issue of immigration continues to cause
conflict today between the United States and
Mexico.
1
CRITICAL THINKING
• What did nationalist leaders in Mexico infer
from the Fredonian Rebellion?
• What developments in Texas alarmed the
Mexican government? What actions by the
Mexican government alarmed Texans?
• Summarize the provisions of the Law of
April 6, 1830, and describe Texans’
reactions to it.
A Bitter Division Evolves
Early battles and the Conventions of 1832
and 1833 established the foundations of
an independent Texas.
2
OBJECTIVES
• Describe the controversy surrounding the
Constitution of 1824.
• Explain the significance of the Turtle Bayou
Resolutions.
• Identify the events that led to the arrest of
Stephen F. Austin.
Unrest in Texas
• Under the Law of April 6, 1830 Texans had
to pay a customs duty on everything that
came from the United States.
• In order to collect these new taxes, the
Mexican government sent soldiers to
Texas.
• Texans didn’t like having soldiers hanging
around or having to pay new taxes to
Mexico.
Santa Anna’s Rise to Power
• The president of Mexico, Anatasio
Bustamante, had ignored the Constitution
of 1824 by creating a strong national
government.
• Under the Constitution of 1824 the states
were given local control, so when
President Bustamante took that power
away, Mexican citizens were angry.
Santa Anna’s Rise to Power
• Santa Anna was in the Spanish military.
• He served on the mission to defeat the
Gutierrez-Magee expedition.
• He shifted his allegiance from Spain to
Mexico during the Mexican war for
independence.
• He claimed to be opposed to the
centralists.
• In 1832 he launched a revolution against
President Bustamante.
Santa Anna’s Rise to Power
• Santa Anna was supported by many
Texans in his revolution against President
Bustamante because they did not like
Mexico’s strong central government (they
wanted to be able to make decisions for
themselves).
• Stephen F. Austin helped convince Texans
to support Santa Anna’s effort to preserve
the states’ rights constitution.
• was appointed by Mexican
government to collect customs duties
and stop the smuggling
• ordered all ships to report to customs
house and receive clearance papers
for the goods they were bringing into
Texas.
• Most shippers ignored the orders of
Fisher, especially the smugglers.
Conflict at Galveston
• George Fisher had a hard time collecting
the taxes and stopping the smuggling
because shippers didn’t like paying
customs duties and they didn’t want the
Mexican government telling them they had
to stop smuggling goods into Texas.
• Fisher required all ships to receive
clearance papers from the customs house
at Anahuac on Galveston Bay.
• Shippers who were going somewhere else
still had to go through Galveston which
made them angry.
ANAHUAC – 1832
•William T. Logan
came to Anahuac
searching for his
slaves that had run
away.
http://www.city-data.com/city/maps4/frs1598.gif
•Colonel Bradburn, a
Mexican official who
was suppose to
enforce the laws of
Mexico, was hiding
Logan’s slaves.
•
ANAHUAC
–
1832
Logan hired William Barret Travis (a lawyer)
to represent him and help him get his slaves
back.
• Travis embarrassed Bradburn.
• Bradburn had Travis arrested.
– Patrick Jack (Travis’s law partner) was also
arrested.
• 150 settlers went to Anahuac to protest.
• Bradburn said he would release Travis and
Jack, if the settlers would leave.
• The settlers left and camped near Turtle
Bayou.
TURTLE BAYOU RESOLUTIONS
• Colonists sent John Austin to Brazoria
get a cannon.
• While they waited for John Austin’s return,
they drafted a statement known as the
Turtle Bayou Resolutions.
– Pledged their loyalty to Mexico
– Stated they supported Santa Anna (who
appeared to be on the same side as the
Texans)
Before Austin returned with the cannon,
Mexican Colonel Piedras ordered Travis
and Jack to be released. He also
dismissed Bradburn from his command.
BATTLE OF VELASCO
• John Austin loaded the cannon on his ship
and headed down the Brazos River toward
Anahuac.
• In Velasco, Mexican Colonel Ugartechea
would not let them pass with the cannon.
• Fighting broke out.
The Mexican soldiers were forced
to surrender when they ran out of
ammunition.
The Convention of 1832
• About 56 delegates met in San Felipe to draft a set
of resolutions.
• Stephen F. Austin elected president of
convention.
• Texans wanted:
– Repeal of Law of April 6, 1830
– Allow immigration from U.S. to Texas
– Exemption from customs duties (taxes)
– Requested better protection from the Native
Americans
– Creations of public schools
– State of Coahuila y Tejas be divided so each
territory could have its own government.
Officials in San Antonio refused to send the Texan requests to officials in
Mexico City.
The Convention of 1833
• While Stephen F. Austin was in San Antonio
gaining support of the Tejano community,
another convention was held.
• William Wharton elected president of
convention.
• They asked for the same items as the
Convention of 1832 except they drafted a
constitution for the new Mexican state of
Texas.
Developing this constitution and holding
these conventions made the Texans look
defiant to the Mexican government.
• After the Convention of 1833, Stephen
F. Austin traveled to Mexico City to
deliver the Texans’ resolutions to the
Mexican official, Gómez Farías (fahREE-ahs).
• While Farías was slow to address the
Texans’ problems, Austin wrote a letter
to the Texans suggesting they establish
a new state government that would
make Texas separate from Coahuila y
Tejas but still a part of the Mexican
Union.
• Austin met with Santa Anna the next month,
who agreed to most of the Texans
requests…except the request for a separate
statehood for Texas.
• On February 10, 1834, Austin was returning
home to Texas.
• He was arrested in Saltillo, after Farías
intercepted Austin’s letter to the Texans.
– Farías thought Austin was challenging the authority
of the Mexican government.
• Austin was thrown in jail.
• Austin was released on December 25, 1835.
2
MAIN IDEA
Clashes between Texas colonists and Mexican
leaders over states’ rights led Texans to petition
for a separate state.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Early battles and the Conventions of 1832
and 1833 established the foundations of an
independent Texas.
SANTA ANNA’S TRUE COLORS
• Texans quickly found out that Santa Anna
did not share their views on government.
• Once in power, Santa Anna dismissed the
Mexican Congress.
• Santa Anna had a new constitution written
which gave him ALL the power.
• Santa Anna sent his brother-in-law,
General Cos, to Texas to enforce Santa
Anna’s laws and put down any rebellion.
Trouble in Anahuac AGAIN
• Cos sent Captain Tenorio to Anahuac to
watch the Texans and continue collecting
Taxes from the Texan colonists.
• Two Texans were arrested for not showing
respect to Tenorio.
• The Texans decided to force Tenorio and
his men out of Texas, so they assembled
25 men and headed to Anahuac.
– William B. Travis was the group’s leader.
• The Texans fired one shot to announce
their arrival.
• Tenorio and his men surrendered and
agreed to leave Texas.
WAR PARTY
PEACE PARTY
• Thought that
war was
inevitable for
Texas’s
independence
• Wanted to
“wait-andsee”
• Did not want
war
When Stephen F. Austin was
released from prison, the Texans
looked to him as to how to handle this
situation.
Battle of
Gonzales
•Mexican patrol (Cos included) wanted the
cannon they had let the Texans borrow for
protection against the Native Americans.
•Gonzalez Alcalde Ponton refused to give
up the cannon without written orders.
•While the Mexican soldiers fled the area,
the Texans buried the cannon.
http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/park/washingt/media/image/hist_timeline.gif
• The Texans heard that the Mexican
soldiers were planning on returning to take
the cannon.
• 160 soldiers joined up on the Texans side
and elected J. H. Moore as their leader.
• 100 Mexican soldiers went to Gonzalez to
take the cannon.
• The Mexican soldiers saw that the Texans
were armed.
• The Texans fired the cannon at the
Mexican soldiers.
• The Mexican soldiers retreated to San
Antonio.
This battle showed that the Texans were not afraid to use
military force if necessary.
The Army of the People
• Texans who heard about the Battle of
Gonzales began to volunteer in the
fight for Texas’ independence.
• They marched to San Antonio to try to
drive the Mexican soldiers out of
Texas.
• As General Cos marched to San
Antonio he sent 30 soldiers to Goliad
so that they could protect the fort
there.
The Army of the People
• George Collingsworth led about 50 Texans
to attack the 30 Mexican soldiers who
were protecting the Goliad fort.
• There was a short fight and the Mexican
soldiers surrendered.
• This battle proved two things to the
Texans:
– They believed the Mexican army would be
easy to defeat.
– They believed they could cut off the Mexican
army from their supply route.
The Army of the People
• The volunteers who had joined up to
drive the Mexican soldiers from San
Antonio organized themselves into
the Army of the People.
• They elected Stephen F. Austin to
lead them.
• These volunteers began a month-long
siege of San Antonio.
The Consultation
• a meeting in San Felipe
• delegates were deciding what action Texans
should take
• war party and peace party delegates were there
• Delegates voted to declare Texas’
independence on November 6, 1835 and the
next day they adopted the “Declaration of the
People in Texas in General Convention
Assembled”.
• They pledged to remain loyal citizens of Mexico
who supported the Constitution of 1824.
• They also encouraged other Mexicans to join
them.
The Consultation
• The delegates set up a provisional
government.
• They elected Henry Smith as their
governor.
• They sent Stephen F. Austin (and others)
on a mission to raise money and troops in
the United States.
• Sam Houston was chosen to lead the
volunteer army.
The Attack on San Antonio
• The Texans decided to attack San Antonio
when they learned that General Cos’ troops
were low on supplies.
• Ben Milam led 300 men on December 5th to
begin the attack on San Antonio.
• The fight lasted five days and Milam was one of
the first men killed.
• General Cos eventually surrendered to the
Texans and gave them all of the money and
supplies that were in San Antonio.
• Cos also pledged to never again oppose the
Constitution of 1824.
http://www.tejasland.com/history/cos.gif
Vocabulary Check
• Faction
• A group of people who share a viewpoint on an
issue
• Seige
• A lengthy military attack on a fortified place
• Provisional government
• A group of people who make laws and provide
services on a temporary basis
3
MAIN IDEA
When Santa Anna gained control of the Mexican
government, he sent Mexican troops into Texas
once again. His actions convinced many Texans
that independence was the solution.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Clashes between the colonists and the Mexican
soldiers led to the beginning of the Texas
Revolution.
The Road to Revolution
1826 The Fredonian Rebellion erupts
1830 Mexico passes Law of April 6, 1830
1832 Colonists and Mexican troops
clash at Anahuac
1833 Stephen F. Austin imprisoned
1835 The Battle of Gonzales fought
1835 Texans and Mexican troops face
off at Battle of San Antonio