Transcript The Cold War - cloudfront.net

The Cold War
Begins
1945-1952
Post-War
America
1946 to 1961:
Four Main Themes
COLD WAR
CONFIDENT NATION
CONSUMERISM
CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Was it a time of “happy days or
anxiety, alienation, and social
unrest”?
1948 to 1968:
The “Vital Center”
A political consensus developed
Anti-Communist
Economic growth can solve
societies problems
Political pluralism
Postwar Economic
Anxiety
Fear
of return to
depression
Businesses called for an
end to government
controls over the
economy
1946-47
saw an
economic slump &
inflation increase 33%
Removal of price
controls led to the
increase in inflation
Labor Trouble &
Inflation
Worries
about job
security & inflation led
to new labor demands
Organized labor called
for crippling strikes in
major industries
Increasing
numbers of
strikes led to Truman
warning strikers of
federal intervention
1946
Congressional
Elections: Republicans
gained control of both
houses of Congress
Taft-Hartley Labor Bill
(1947)
Passed
over Truman’s
veto
Banned closed shop &
weakened labors rights
Labor
frustrated in its
attempts to unionize
the southern textile
industries in its
“Operation Dixie”
Truman’s Economic
Policy
Employment
Act of 1946
Created the Council of
Economic Advisors
Sought to promote
maximum employment,
production & purchasing
power
Servicemen’s
Readjustment Act (1944)
GI
Bill of Rights
Servicemen given
educational & economic
benefits
Total cost of the
World War II
education
program was
$14.5 billion.
Civil Rights
African-American’s
fared a little better
economically &
politically, despite
congressional refusal to
pass civil rights & fair
labor laws
1947:
Color line
crossed in baseball
when Brooklyn Dodgers
hired Jackie Robinson
1948: Armed forces
began desegregating
Long Economic Boom:
1950-1970
GNP
(Gross National
Product) began to climb
after 1948 – nearly
doubling in the 1950s &
again in 1960s
By
1950, the economy
will begin to skyrocket &
reach a plateau of
growth that will last
until 1970
Middle Class Prosperity
“Chicken
in every pot” of
depression became desire
for 2 cars in every garage
Plus a TV, air conditioner,
swimming pool, vacation
home, RVs & hoola-hoops
for the kids
Women in the
Workforce
Many
women decided to
keep working after the
war but did so under
gender discrimination
Women
account for
25% of the workforce
by the end of the war &
will have 50% of the
jobs by the 1990s
Cult
of domesticity reemerges & supported by
science & popular culture
Clash of these dual roles
will lead to the feminist
movement of the 1960s
Suburban Living
The Typical TV Suburban Families
The Donna
Reed Show
1958-1966
Father Knows Best
1954-1958
Leave It to
Beaver
1957-1963
The Ozzie & Harriet Show
1952-1966
Causes of growth
Much
of the continued
economic growth caused
by the “war economy”
appropriations of the
Cold War
Korean
War, Arms Race,
Space Race, & Vietnam
will keep American
defense spending rolling
through two decades
National Defense Budget [1940-1964]
America
enjoyed the
benefits of
cheap energy &
lack of
environmental
controls
America
productivity
increased & educational
levels rose
By 1970, 90% of the
school age population
was enrolled in school
Farmers
dropped from
15% of the workforce in
the 40s to 2% by the
90s but harvested a
large percentage of the
world’s food
The Sunbelt
Invention
of airconditioning, existence of
cheap fuel, & large number
of defense jobs in the
south & west caused many
Americans to move to the
“sunbelt” following the war
•The U. S. population was on the move in the
late 1940s and into the 1950s.
•NE & Mid-W  S & SW (“Sunbelt” states)
The
Suburbs
Low
interest FHA & VA
loans made it economical
to own a home
The Burbs
Levitt
brothers
pioneered the “assembly
line” construction of
suburban homes
$7,990 or
$60/month with
no down payment
Post-war
families snatched
up these “cookie cutter”
tract homes
They filled the yards
with barbeques & kids
Lots of kids
Suburban Living
SHIFTS IN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION,
1940-1970
Central Cities
1940
31.6%
1950
32.3%
1960
32.6%
1970
32.0%
Suburbs
19.5%
23.8%
30.7%
41.6%
Rural Areas/
Small Towns
48.9%
43.9%
36.7%
26.4%
U. S. Bureau of the Census
The Baby Boom
Huge
birthrate jump began
in 1945, peaked in 1957, &
tapered off to 1961
“Baby boom” generation
has had a major impact on
the economy & culture in
America
Baby Boomers
“It seems to
me that every
other young
housewife I
see is
pregnant.”
British visitor to
America, 1958
The Truman Era
1945-1952
Harry S. Truman
“The
average
man’s average
man.”
First president in
many years
without a college
education
Failed
at business but
worked his way up in
local Missouri politics
Truman’s bluntness &
hard-headedness
worried & upset many
people
Roots of
The Cold War
US & USSR Similarities
US
& USSR resembled
each other in many
troublesome ways:
Large, expansionist,
born in revolution, &
believed their way was
the best way
Conflicting Interests
Soviet Goals
American Goals
• Wanted to rebuild Europe
in ways that would help
the Soviet Union recover
from the huge losses it
suffered during the war
• Wanted to establish
Soviet satellite nations,
countries subject to
Soviet domination and
sympathetic to Soviet
goals
• Wanted to promote the
spread of communism
throughout the world
• Wanted conquered
European nations to
experience the democracy
and economic opportunity
that the United States had
fought for during the war
• Wanted to develop strong
capitalist economies,
which would provide good
markets for American
products
The Cold War Summary:
• Uneasy peace between the U.S. & Soviet Union.
• Competition for world dominance & global power.
• Fought on political & economic fronts rather than on
military battlefields - even though the threat of war
was always present.
• Defined American foreign policy from 1946-1989.
• It affected domestic politics & how Americans viewed
the world & themselves.
• Constant state of military preparedness & arms race
 Propaganda war: Democracy vs. Communism
 US policy: Support nations threatened by Communism
The Cold War [1945-1991]:
An Ideological Struggle
Soviet &
Eastern Bloc
Nations
[“Iron Curtain”]
GOAL  spread worldwide Communism
METHODOLOGIES:
US & the
Western
Democracies
GOAL  “Containment”
of Communism & the
eventual collapse of the
Communist world.
[George Kennan]
1. Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
2. Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
3. Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts
of Third World peoples [Communist govt. &
command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist
economy]  “proxy wars”
4. Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
Yalta Conference
Before
A-bomb tested,
US believed Soviet
military would be
needed to defeat the
Japanese
Soviets
agreed to allow
democratic elections in
Eastern Europe
They lied leaving the
USSR in control of a
large sphere of influence
Conservatives
accused
Roosevelt of selling out
China & Eastern Europe
to the Soviet Union
Potsdam Conference
Stalin
warned indirectly
about the existence of
the Atomic bomb
Soviets felt slighted
about being out the loop
on the Manhattan
Project
United Nations
April
25, 1945: SF
Conference creates UN
Charter
Security Council
responsible for settling
disputes among nations
American-Soviet
Relations
Decades
of distrust &
misunderstanding came
to a head at the end of
the war
1945:
Washington
abruptly ended lendlease to the Soviets &
refused to grant them
loans while still aiding
Britain
Bretton Woods
Conference (1944)
Agreement
created the
World Bank & the
International Monetary
Fund
Soviets refused to
participate in either
The Baruch Plan
Bernard
Baruch called
for a UN agency to
oversee nuclear power
to halt weapons
development
Stalin rejects the idea
Postwar Germany
1945-46:
Trials
Nuremberg
22 top Nazi war
criminals put on trial for
crimes against humanity
12 hanged
Nazi leaders being tried for war crimes and crimes against civilians:
Established the principle: That individuals are responsible for the
actions regardless if they are carrying out orders.
trial
Crimes against peace, humanity = war crimes
Important principle established:
Individuals responsible for their actions
trial
Several Nazi leaders would be found guilty for crimes against
humanity. Punishments ranged from prison sentences up to life and
execution by hanging.
USSR
sought to make
Germany pay
reparations for war
US realized need for a
economically strong but
militarily weak Germany
Germany
divided into 4
territories at the end of
the war: British, French,
American, & Soviet
Western Allies began to
call for a reunited
Germany
The
Division
of Berlin
The “Iron Curtain” Falls
Soviets
force the
Eastern
European
countries behind
what Winston
Churchill called
the “Iron
Curtain”
Fulton,
Missouri
1946
“From Stettin in
the Baltic to
Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron
curtain has
descended across
the Continent.”
The Containment Policy
1947:
George Kennan
writes from Moscow
describing that the goals
of the Soviet Union were
expansionary
Kennan suggests a
policy of “containment”
1950’s
Containment:
Stop the
expansion of
Communism
in Asia and
Europe
Democracy vs. Communism
Bi-Polarization of the World
US, Allied Nations
and Allied colonies
Soviet Union/China and
Allies
The Truman Doctrine
Greece
& Turkey were
turning leftist - danger
of Soviet involvement
Truman issues his
Doctrine describing the
need to “contain”
communism
The Buck
Stops Here
Truman
Doctrine,
1947:
The first use
of
“containment”
March
1947: Truman
asked Congress for $400
million to support
democracy in Turkey &
Greece
1948: Truman
recognizes Israel
Marshall Plan (1947)
Sec
of State Marshall
develops European
Recovery Program to
stop communism
(containment)
$12.5 Billion spent in
Europe over 4 years
1948:
Soviet sponsored
coup in Czechoslovakia
pushes Congress into
action
Creates an “economic
miracle” in W. Europe
The Marshall Plan
Berlin Airlift (1948-49)
Stalin
closes ground
access to Berlin to choke
off the Allies
US & British air power
breaks the blockade
through a massive airlift
Berlin
Airlift
U.S. flew supplies
24/7 to feed West
Berlin for 11
months.
Iran Crisis
Stalin
tested the West's
resolve in Middle East &
began fomenting
revolution in Iran
Truman’s protest caused
Stalin to back down
US Military is
Reorganized
National Security Act of
1947
Brought all of the armed
forces under the
Department of Defense
Created the Joint Chiefs
of Staff
1948:
National Security
Council coordinated
decisions on military
intervention
1949: Central Intelligence
Agency created for
intelligence gathering
The North Atlantic Pact
(1949)
NATO
(North Atlantic
Treaty Organization)
Defensive alliance of US &
12 W. European countries
Greece & Turkey join 1952
West Germany in 1955
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
 United States
 Luxemburg
 Belgium
 Netherlands
 Britain
 Norway
 Canada
 Portugal
 Denmark
 1952: Greece &
Turkey
 France
 Iceland
 Italy
 1955: West Germany
 1983: Spain
Warsaw Pact (1955)
}
U. S. S. R.
}
East Germany
}
Albania
}
Hungary
}
Bulgaria
}
Poland
}
Czechoslovakia
}
Romania
The Bipolarization of Europe
NATO
WARSAW PACT
UNALIGNED
OTHER
US & East Asia (1945-53)
Reconstruction of Japan
Under General
MacArthur Japan received
a democratic constitution
& aid for reconstruction
Japanese war criminals
also tried & 7 executed
1949:
Communists in
China under Mao Zedong
defeat the Nationalists
Nationalists under Chiang
Kaishek establish the
Republic of China on
Taiwan
Republicans
declare
Truman had “lost” China to
the communists
New Secretary of State
Dean Acheson seeks to
recognize communist
China
Election of 1948
Democrats nominate
Truman
Platform of civil rights
causes segregation south to
form State Rights Party
Strom Thurmond runs as
States Rights candidate
New
Progressive Party
nominates Henry
Wallace - seen as a
patsy for the communist
party
Republicans nominate
Thomas E. Dewey
Truman Defeats Dewey
Though
polls & pundits
call for Truman defeat,
he wins 300 to 189 in
electoral vote
Dixiecrat Thurmond: 39
electoral votes
1948 Election
Truman’s Fair Deal
Truman’s State of the
Union called for a Fair
Deal including:
Aid to Education
National Health
Insurance
Civil Rights Legislation
More Social Security
Public Housing
Repeal of Taft-Hartley
Streamlining of Federal
Bureaucracy
Point Four
Point
Four of Truman’s
inaugural address calls
for aid, along with
scientific & technical
assistance to third world
countries to stop
communism
Quickwrite
Compare and contrast
American foreign policies
after WWI (1918-1928) and
WWII (1945-1950).
The Second Red Scare
American
fears:
Spread of Communism
Nuclear War
Spies at Home
Economic Depression
Truman’s “Loyalty”
Program
1947:
Launched to
investigate “leftists” in
the federal government
Employees, especially
school teachers, were
forced to take loyalty
oaths
HUAAC
House
Un-American
Activities Committee
(1938-1975)
1948: Investigations
begin of suspected
commies
Government
employees
dismissed
Writers, movie
producers & actors
blacklisted
Hollywood Ten
1949:
11 communists
convicted of violating the
1940 anti-sedition Smith
Act
Shocking Events of 1949
China
goes Communist
(Mao defeats Chang Kai
Shek = China & Taiwan)
st
Russians detonate their 1
atomic weapon
Alger Hiss Trial
State
Department official
Alger Hiss accused of
spying by Whittaker
Chambers
Hiss
sues for libel but is
then charged with
perjury when he is
found to have lied
under oath
Richard Nixon
prosecutes Hiss
McCarthyism
1950:
Senator Joseph
McCarthy makes his
“Wheeling Declaration”
He has the names of 200
known communists in the
federal government
He
becomes
famous for his
investigation
of
Communists
The Rosenbergs
1951:
Julius & Ethel
Rosenberg found guilty
of espionage for giving
atomic secrets to
Russians
1953: Executed
The
Rosenbergs
The H-Bomb
1952:
st
1
Hydrogen
Bomb (fusion) tested
successfully in the South
Pacific
1953: Russians explode
their H-bomb & the arms
race is on
The Korean War
(1950-1953)
Korea Divided
Dean
Acheson describes
a defense perimeter in
the pacific excluding
Korea
June
25, 1950: North
Korea invades South
US & Korean forces
retreat to Pusan
perimeter
Korean War
[1950-1953]
Truman
resurrects NSC-
68
UN Security Council
votes to restore peace
Sept.
15: UN forces
under MacArthur land at
Inchon on
South clear by October
The Forgotten War
The Forgotten War
UN
allows invasion of
North
November: Chinese
troops cross the Yalu
river & push UN troops
south of the 38th parallel
The Shifting Map of Korea
[1950-1953]
MacArthur
criticizes
Truman’s decision not to
fight China
April 11, 1951:
MacArthur relieved of
duty
Civilian
control of US
military reaffirmed
Issue becomes a
political “hot potato”
over communism
Truce Negotiations
July
1951: War breaks
down into stalemate
Discussions over a
truce breakdown about
exchange of prisoners –
war continues
Twenty-Second
Amendment
1951:
Amendment
passes saying no person
shall be allowed to be
president more than
twice
Truman excluded
Election of 1952
Democrats:
hampered
by Korea, scandals, &
Red Scare nominate
Adlai Stevenson
I Like Ike
Republican
isolationists
sought to nominate
Robert Taft
Dwight Eisenhower
wins nomination on first
ballot
Anti-Communists
got
Richard Nixon to be
vice-presidential
nominee
Nixon attacks Stevenson
while Ike takes the high
road
Nixon Slush Fund
Reports
claim Nixon had
a secret campaign fund
for his personal use
Nixon makes “Checkers
Speech” in reaction to
slush fund allegations
Eisenhower
makes a last
minute
pledge to
personally go
to Korea to
end the war
Ike
wins 33,963,234 to
27,314,992 (442 to 89)
Republicans also take
Congress
War Ends
Ike
goes to Korea & 7
months later, after the
threat of a nuclear
strike, the war in Korea
ends in a shaky armistice
54,000
American dead
& over a million dead in
East Asia
Communism contained
X
Berlin
Blockade
1947-8
Eastern
Europe
1946
Soviet Union
1918
China
1949
X
Korean War
1950 to 1953
CONTAINMENT
Marshall Plan
Berlin Airlift
NATO
Korean War
Communist Expansion
A Chronology of Events
Quickwrite
Analyze the successes and failures of
the Cold War policy of containment as
it developed in TWO of the following
areas from 1945-1975.
- Europe
- East and Southeast Asia
- Middle East
- Latin America