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America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 17
Becoming a World Power
(1890–1915)
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.
America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 17: Becoming a World Power (1890–1915)
Section 1: The Pressure to Expand
Section 2: The Spanish-American War
Section 3: A New Foreign Policy
Section 4: Debating America’s New Role
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.
The Pressure to Expand
Chapter 17, Section 1
• What factors led to the growth of imperialism around
the world?
• In what ways did the United States begin to expand its
interests abroad in the late 1800s?
• What arguments were made in favor of United States
expansion in the 1890s?
Growth of Imperialism
Chapter 17, Section 1
• Under imperialism, stronger nations attempt
to create empires by dominating weaker
nations. The late 1800s marked the peak of
European imperialism, with much of Africa
and Asia under foreign domination.
• Imperialism comes in several forms. These
are:
• political, economic, military, and cultural
Growth of Imperialism
Chapter 17,
• Several factors account for the growth of imperialism.
– Economic factors: The growth of industry increased the need
for natural resources and new markets. The instability of
capitalism, with its frequent recessions/depressions, also
influenced leaders to look to overseas for new markets.
– Nationalistic factors: Competition among European nations
for large empires was the result of a rise in nationalism—or
devotion to one’s own nation.
– Military factors: Europe had better armies than Africa and
Asia, and it needed bases around the world to refuel and
supply navy ships.
Growth of Imperialism
Chapter 17, Section 1
Humanitarian factors: Europeans believed that they had a
duty to spread the blessings of western civilizations to
other countries. (“white man’s burden”)
Ideological factors: Many westerners believed in Social
Darwinism. If the US was to be a strong power it would
have to conquer, or it would fall behind and possibly be
conquered one day.
Concerns over declining masculinity: Some historians, such
as Kristin Hoganson have suggested that imperialism, at
least as it pertains to US annexation of the Philippines
was motivated in part by fears of declining virility among
men.
Reasons Behind US Imperialism
• Businessmen ranked among the leading advocates of
expansion as they sought to tap into new markets; as the
American economy experienced regular downturns in the
late nineteenth century, businessmen saw the potential for
unlimited profits in the developing economies of Latin
America and Asia. (economic)
• Business interests also found religious, scientific, and
historical rationales for their goals as men like Josiah
Strong called for the United States to lead the effort of
spreading Protestant Christianity to the rest of the world
with missionary zeal. (humanitarian)
•
Reasons Behind US Imperialism
• In the realm of science (pseudo-science to be more precise),
the growing popularity of Social Darwinism allowed for
another rationale to emerge emphasizing the belief that if the
United States did not compete vigorously with other nations,
then it would perish. (Ideological)
• Lastly, social anxieties resulting from the decreasing
availability of western land and opportunities whetted the
appetites of expansionists for adventures abroad as well.
Historian Frederick Jackson Turner encapsulated such
notions in his landmark 1893 essay entitled “The Significance
of the Frontier in American History.” Fears of declining
masculinity are part of these anxieties.
Growth of Imperialism
Chapter 17, Section 1
• By 1890, the United States was eager to
join the competition for new territory.
Supporters of expansion denied that the
United States sought to annex foreign
lands. (To annex is to join a new territory
to an existing country.) Yet annexation did
take place.
Expanding U.S. Interests
Chapter 17, Section 1
The
Monroe
Doctrine
• Originally meant that the United States declared itself neutral in
European wars and warned other nations to stay out of the Western
Hemisphere.
• Later, the doctrine was interpreted to mean a more active role to
protect the interests of the United States.
Seward’s
Folly
• In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia.
Midway
Islands
• Seward bought the uninhabited Midway Islands for use as repairing
and refueling stations for navy vessels in the Pacific.
Latin
America
and Hawaii
• The United States signed a treaty with Hawaii and took a more active
role in protecting Latin America.
Taking Control of Hawaii
•
British explorer James Cook first visited Hawaii in 1778.
•
Hawaii was ideally located for coaling stations and bases for ships
trading between the U.S. and Asia.
•
American missionaries and others came to Hawaii and raised crops,
particularly sugarcane.
•
The sugar industry grew and gained influence and control.
•
King Kalakaua negotiated a treaty that made Hawaiian sugar cheap
to import to the United States.
•
Sugar planters overthrew Queen Liliuokalani with the help of the U.S.
marines.
•
Sugar tycoon Sanford Dole became president of the Republic of
Hawaii.
•
Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1898.
The Open Door Policy gives the United States
an equal footing in China.
• European powers gained spheres of influence in China.
• The United States feared it would be shut out of the valuable
China trade.
• Secretary of State John Hay proposed the Open Door Policy,
giving all nations equal trading rights in China.
• Increased foreign presence in China led to the Boxer Rebellion.
• Western nations cooperated to quell the rebellion and continue
exploitation of Chinese trade.
Arguments for U.S. Expansion
Chapter 17, Section 1
Promoting
Economic
Growth
• The United States needed to secure new markets in other countries.
• The United Fruit Company invested and gained political influence in
some Central American nations. These nations were called banana
republics.
Protecting
American
Security
• An expanded navy with bases around the world would protect U.S.
Interests. By 1900, the United States had one of the most powerful
navies in the world.
Preserving
American
Spirit
• Some leaders of the day believed that introducing Christianity and
modern civilization to less developed nations around the world was a
noble pursuit.
States Exports
Chapter 17, Section 1
The Pressure to Expand-Assessment
Chapter 17, Section 1
What was Seward’s Folly?
(A) A vaudeville show
(B) Negotiating a treaty with Hawaii
(C) The purchase of Alaska
(D) Promoting economic growth in other countries
Which of the following was not an argument for U.S. expansion?
(A) Preserving the American spirit
(B) Protecting the U.S. from a domestic attack
(C) Promoting economic growth
(D) Protecting the security of American investments
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The Pressure to Expand-Assessment
Chapter 17, Section 1
What was Seward’s Folly?
(A) A vaudeville show
(B) Negotiating a treaty with Hawaii
(C) The purchase of Alaska
(D) Promoting economic growth in other countries
Which of the following was not an argument for U.S. expansion?
(A) Preserving the American spirit
(B) Protecting the U.S. from a domestic attack
(C) Promoting economic growth
(D) Protecting the security of American investments
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The Spanish-American War
Chapter 17, Section 2
• How did the activities of the United States in Latin
America set the stage for war with Spain?
• What were the events leading up to and following the
Spanish-American War?
• What challenges did the United States face after the
war?
• Why did the United States seek to gain influence in
the Pacific?
Setting the Stage for War
Chapter 17, Section 2
• By demanding that a dispute between Venezuela and
Great Britain be sent to arbitration, the United States
defended the validity of the Monroe Doctrine.
(Arbitration is the settlement of a dispute by a person or
panel chosen to listen to both sides and come to a
decision.) The British government backed down
because it needed to stay on friendly terms with the
United States.
Setting the Stage for War
Chapter 17, Section 2
Why did the US go to war against Spain in 1898? (What role did
business interests play in the decision for war?)
•
•
•
The United States became involved in the Cuban rebellion against Spain,
to protect American business interests.
(millions of dollars invested by US capitalists in Cuban sugar cane
plantations)
In competition for readership, two New York newspapers wrote
exaggerated stories about the Cuban rebellion which increased support for
US intervention. This yellow journalism sold a lot of papers but had other
effects as well:
– It whipped up American public opinion in favor of the Cuban rebels.
– It led to a burst of national pride and the desire for an aggressive
foreign policy, which became known as jingoism.
Yellow Journalism: A Cause of Spanish-American War
• Hearst and Pulitzer were rival NY newspaper publishers locked
in a bitter competition for readers.
• Hearst sent reporters to Cuba who sent back dramatic stories
and pictures. However, his reporters told him that there was
nothing dramatic going on.
• Hearst reportedly said: “You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the
war.” He told his reporters to make something up or at least
exaggerate conditions.
• Even though Hearst denied “manufacturing” the war, no one
could deny that his newspaper was full of exaggerated and
dramatic accounts of Spanish brutality in Cuba. These accounts
helped turned public opinion against Spain.
Steps Toward War with Spain
• Spanish
Ambassador de
Lôme insulted
President
McKinley.
• He said the
President had the
backbone of an
éclair.
The Spanish-American War (1898)
• The USS Maine was stationed
in Havana harbor. McKinley
sent the ship and marines to
alert the Spanish of American
concerns.
• The USS Maine exploded, and
the American public,
influenced by yellow
journalism, blamed Spain.
• Congress recognized Cuban
independence and authorized
force against Spain.
The Spanish-American War
Chapter 17, Section 2
“A
• May 1, 1898: The United States launched a surprise
Splendid
attack in Manila Bay and destroyed Spain’s entire
Little War”
Pacific fleet in seven hours.
• July 1: Roosevelt led the Rough Riders up San Juan
Hill.
• July 3: The United States Navy sank the remaining
Spanish ships.
The Treaty • The Spanish government recognized Cuba’s
independence.
of Paris
• Spain gave up the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico in
return for $20 million. The island nations then became
unincorporated territories of the United States.
The Spanish-American War
Chapter 17, Section 2
New Challenges After the War
Chapter 17, Section 2
The Philippines
• President McKinley’s arguments
for annexation:
– Filipinos were unfit for selfgovernment. Americans had
a “Christian” duty to civilize
the Filipinos.
– Independence would bring
anarchy.
– European powers would try
to seize the islands.
• The Filipinos fought a three-year
war for independence.
• The Philippines did not gain
complete independence until
1946.
Cuba
• President McKinley installed a
military government to protect
American business interests.
• Cuba drafted a constitution in
1900 that did not allow for U.S.
involvement.
• The U.S. government only agreed
to remove its troops if Cuba
included the Platt Amendment.
• The Platt Amendment remained
in place until 1934. It allowed for
U.S. naval bases on the island
and intervention whenever
necessary.
United States Acquisitions and Annexations
1857-1904
Chapter 17, Section 2
Other Gains in the Pacific
Chapter 17, Section 2
• The United States government intervened in other
parts of the Pacific at the same time that events
played out in the Spanish-American War. This
intervention eventually brought about changes in the
relationships of the United States with Hawaii,
Samoa, and China.
• Hawaii became increasingly important to United
States business interests. Hawaii also leased Pearl
Harbor to the United States as a fueling and repair
station for naval vessels. In 1898, Congress
approved the annexation of Hawaii.
Other Gains in the Pacific
Chapter 17, Section 2
• The Polynesian islands of Samoa and their harbor at Pago Pago
were also important to the United States. A year after the
annexation of Hawaii, the United States acquired the harbor at
Pago Pago as well.
• China’s huge population and its vast markets became very
important to American trade. President McKinley’s Secretary of
State, John Hay, wrote notes to the major European powers
trying to persuade them to keep an “open door” to China. He
wanted to ensure through his Open Door Policy that the United
States would have equal access to China’s millions of
consumers.
The Spanish-American War-Assessment
Chapter 17, Section 2
Which of the following was a reason President McKinley stated for the annexation
of the Philippines?
(A) The United States needed raw materials from the Philippines.
(B) McKinley believed that the Filipinos could not govern themselves.
(C) McKinley believed that if the United States fought for it, they should own
it.
(D) McKinley was concerned that granting independence would damage his
public image.
How did the United States defend the Monroe Doctrine?
(A) By forcing the British to go to arbitration over their dispute with
Venezuela
(B) By demolishing Spain’s navy
(C) By annexing the Philippines
(D) By winning the Spanish-American War
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The Spanish-American War-Assessment
Chapter 17, Section 2
Which of the following was a reason President McKinley stated for the annexation
of the Philippines?
(A) The United States needed raw materials from the Philippines.
(B) McKinley believed that the Filipinos could not govern themselves.
(C) McKinley believed that if the United States fought for it, they should own
it.
(D) McKinley was concerned that granting independence would damage his
public image.
How did the United States defend the Monroe Doctrine?
(A) By forcing the British to go to arbitration over their dispute with
Venezuela
(B) By demolishing Spain’s navy
(C) By annexing the Philippines
(D) By winning the Spanish-American War
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A New Foreign Policy
Chapter 17, Section 3
• Why did the United States want to build the Panama
Canal?
• What were the goals of Theodore Roosevelt’s “big
stick” diplomacy?
• In what ways did the foreign policies of Presidents
Taft and Wilson differ from those of President
Roosevelt?
The Panama Canal
Chapter 17, Section 3
Americans needed a shorter route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. A
French company had bought a 25-year concession from Colombia to build a
canal across Panama. (A concession is a grant for a piece of land in exchange
for a promise to use the land for a specific purpose.) Defeated by yellow fever
and mismanagement, the company abandoned the project and offered its
remaining rights to the United States for $100 million.
Panama Canal
• Theodore Roosevelt
(1898)
President Roosevelt, the
old “Rough Rider”, was a
proud imperialist
determined to expand US
power throughout the
world. He was determined
to get a canal built linking
Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans, and he was
equally determined to
make sure the canal was
under US control.
Panama Canal
• Panama was a part of the Republic of
Colombia. Revolutionaries were
plotting to break free of Colombian
rule. President Theodore Roosevelt
supported the revolution and quickly
recognized the new government, the
Republic of Panama. A new treaty
with the government gave the United
States complete control of the 10mile-wide Canal Zone.
Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy
Chapter 17, Section 3
“Speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far.”
T. Roosevelt used this old African proverb to guide his foreign
policy.
• The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine — The
United States will act as “an international police power”
in the Western Hemisphere and intervene to prevent
intervention by other powers.
• Roosevelt in Latin America — Under Roosevelt, the
United States often intervened in Latin America.
• Roosevelt in Asia — Roosevelt wanted to preserve an
open door to trade with China. He won a Nobel peace
prize for negotiating a peace settlement between Russia
and Japan.
“Big-Stick” Diplomacy
• The World’s Cop
Foreign Policy After Roosevelt
Chapter 17, Section 3
William Howard Taft
• Elected President in 1908
• Taft believed in maintaining influence
through American investments, not
military might. (Yet, military might was
used if US business interests were
upset.)
• This policy was called dollar
diplomacy.
• The United States reached new heights
of international power under Roosevelt
and Taft.
• However, the policies of both
Presidents also created enemies in
Latin America and a growing
international resentment of U.S.
intervention.
Woodrow Wilson
• Under Wilson, the United States
applied more moral and legalistic
standards to foreign policy
decisions.
• Wilson’s policy drew the United
States into the complex and
bloody Mexican Revolution.
• Wilson’s “moral diplomacy” did
not work well in Mexico. Many
lives were lost, and U.S. financial
interests lost ground.
• U.S.–Mexico relations were
strained for many years.
Imperialism Continues
• William H. Taft
• Woodrow Wilson
United States Interventions, 1898-1934
Chapter 17, Section 3
A New Foreign Policy-Assessment
Chapter 17, Section 3
Roosevelt’s foreign policy was based on
(A) the threat of military intervention.
(B) the use of American investments.
(C) moral and legalistic standards.
(D) the fear of foreign invasion.
The “dollar” in the phrase “dollar diplomacy” referred to:
(A) bribing foreign diplomats.
(B) American investments in other countries.
(C) being conservative about buying goods from other countries.
(D) spending campaign dollars to influence public opinion.
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A New Foreign Policy-Assessment
Chapter 17, Section 3
Roosevelt’s foreign policy was based on
(A) the threat of military intervention.
(B) the use of American investments.
(C) moral and legalistic standards.
(D) the fear of foreign invasion.
The “dollar” in the phrase “dollar diplomacy” referred to:
(A) bribing foreign diplomats.
(B) American investments in other countries.
(C) being conservative about buying goods from other countries.
(D) spending campaign dollars to influence public opinion.
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Debating America’s New Role
Chapter 17, Section 4
• What were the main arguments raised by the antiimperialists?
• Why did imperialism appeal to many Americans?
• How was American imperialism viewed from abroad?
Debating Imperialism
Chapter 17, Section 4
Anti-Imperialists
•
•
•
A moral and political argument:
Expansionism was a rejection of our
nation’s founding principle of “liberty
for all.”
A racial argument: Imperialism was
just another form of racism. (Some
racists actually opposed imperialism
because they feared the addition of
brown and black peoples).
An economic argument: Expansion
involved too many costs. Maintaining
the armed forces required more
taxation, debt, and possibly even
compulsory, or required, military
service. In addition, laborers from
other countries would compete for
jobs with U.S. workers.
Pro-Imperialists
• Imperialism offered a new kind of
frontier for American expansion.
• A new international frontier
would keep Americans from
losing their competitive edge.
• Access to foreign markets made
the economy stronger.
• The people residing on territory
acquired for the U.S. were “unfit”
to rule themselves.
•
In 1907, President Roosevelt sent the
Great White Fleet, part of the United
States Navy, on a cruise around the
world to demonstrate U.S. naval power
to other nations. American citizens
clearly saw the advantages of having a
powerful navy.
Imperialism Viewed From Abroad
Chapter 17, Section 4
•
•
•
•
•
•
In the Caribbean and Central America, the United States often had
to defend governments that were unpopular with local inhabitants.
Many U.S. citizens in Latin America heard the cry “Yankee, Go
Home!”
Even before the completion of the Panama Canal, the
Panamanians began to complain that they suffered from
discrimination.
However, many countries also began to turn to the United States
for help.
The United States was both welcomed and rejected in other
countries.
The American government still struggles to reconcile its great
power and national interests with its relationships with other
nations.
Debating America’s New Role-Assessment
Chapter 17, Section 4
Which of the following was not an argument against imperialism?
(A) Foreign workers would compete for jobs against U.S. laborers.
(B) Other nations might boycott U.S. goods.
(C) Imperialism is another form of racism.
(D) Imperialism goes against the founding principles of our nation.
Which of the following was not an argument for imperialism?
(A) People with non-Western cultures would enrich and strengthen the
United States.
(B) Access to foreign markets would make a stronger U.S. economy.
(C) Imperialism offered a new frontier.
(D) Expansion helped to make the United States Navy stronger.
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Debating America’s New Role-Assessment
Chapter 17, Section 4
Which of the following was not an argument against imperialism?
(A) Foreign workers would compete for jobs against U.S. laborers.
(B) Other nations might boycott U.S. goods.
(C) Imperialism is another form of racism.
(D) Imperialism goes against the founding principles of our nation.
Which of the following was not an argument for imperialism?
(A) People with non-Western cultures would enrich and strengthen the
United States.
(B) Access to foreign markets would make a stronger U.S. economy.
(C) Imperialism offered a new frontier.
(D) Expansion helped to make the United States Navy stronger.
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