Transcript Respiratory System PPT - Killingly Public Schools

Respiratory
System
Respiratory System
• Includes a series of tubes
and sacs that function
together with the
cardiovascular system to
provide the body with the
exchanges of carbon
dioxide and oxygen
required for cellular
metabolism and life
– Oxygen is essential for
cellular metabolism
– Cells use oxygen and
produce carbon dioxide
Respiratory System
• Nose/Nasal Cavity &
Mouth/Oral Cavity
– Air is warmed and
filtered
• Pharynx (throat),
Larynx (voice box) &
Trachea (wind pipe)
– Carry air to lungs,
communication/
vocalization
Respiratory System
• Bronchi
– trachea splits into two bronchi,
one leads to the left lung and
the other to the right
• Bronchioles
– once within the lungs the
bronchi continue to divide into
these smaller tubes
• Lungs/Alveoli
– the bronchioles end in small
sacs called alveoli. This is
where the gas exchange takes
place
Gas Exchange
• the passing of oxygen
from the alveoli into
the blood and the
excess carbon
dioxide within the
blood flow passing
back into the alveoli
to be breathed out
– each alveoli is
surrounded by
capillaries
Gas Exchange
• Oxygen passes through the
alveoli walls to the capillaries
• The red blood cells take up the
oxygen (hemoglobin) and carry
it throughout the body (organs
and muscles)
• Simultaneously, carbon
dioxide (waste product) is
collected from organs and
muscles
• Blood carries the carbon
dioxide to the lungs where it
passes into the alveoli to be
breathed out
• What would happen if the
body did not get rid of
carbon dioxide?
Breathing
• Breathing IN = Inspiration
• Breathing OUT = Expiration
• Main Breathing Muscles:
– Intercostal
• positioned between the ribs
– Diaphragm
• sheet of muscle; under ribs
and lungs
Breathing
Inspiration
• The volume of the
thoracic cavity (chest)
increases to draw air into
the lungs
– intercostal muscles and the
diaphragm contract
– rib cage moves up and out
and diaphragm flattens
• increases the space
• decreases lung air
pressure causing air to
rush in from outside
Breathing
Expiration
• At the end of a
breath, the intercostal
muscles and
diaphragm relax
– thoracic cavity volume
decreases
– lung pressure
increases
– Air forced out
Lung Capacity
• Tidal volume
– amount of air breathed in
or out with each breath
• Inspiratory capacity
– maximum amount that can
be breathed in (after a
normal breath out)
• Expiratory reserve
volume
– additional amount you can
breathe out after breathing
out normally
Lung Capacity
• Vital capacity
– maximum amount of
air one can possibly
breathe in or out in
one breath
• Residual volume
– amount of air left in the
lungs after one has
breathed out as much
as possible
Humans
9Lung
Volumes (ml) for Normal Young Adult
Male
Female
Tidal Volume
500
500
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
3100
1900
Expiratory Reserve Volume
1200
800
Total Lung Capacity
6000
4200
Functional Residual Capacity
(FRC)
2400
1800
Inspiratory Capacity
3600
2400
Vital Capacity
4800
3200
Diseases/Disorders
Collapsed Trachea
• trachea supported by
tough rings of cartilage
• trachea loses its rigidity
and collapse while the
dog is breathing
(idiopathic)
• mostly seen in toy breeds
– obese dogs more prone to
it
Diseases/Disorders
• Clinical Signs
– Difficulty breathing,
especially during exercise
– Coughing (attempt to clear
airway)
– Blue gums and tongue
(severe cases)
• Treatment/Management
–
–
–
–
Limited exercise
Harness instead of collar
Diet (if obese)
Cough suppressant
(Torbutrol)
– Surgery (rare)
Diseases/Disorders
• Laryngeal Paralysis
– disorder in which the nerves
that control the muscles and
cartilage that open and close
the larynx (voicebox) do not
function properly, causing
voice changes and difficulty
with eating or breathing
– normally, the laryngeal
cartilages (arytenoid
cartilages) are pulled open
during breathing, but with
laryngeal paralysis, these
cartilages do not open and
close properly, making it
difficult for the animal to take
in air normally
Diseases/Disorders
• Etiology
– Idiopathic (common)
• older, large breed dogs (Labs, Goldens, Saint Bernards, and
Siberian Huskies)
• over time, the nerves and muscles that control the laryngeal
cartilages lose function
– Hereditary (rare)
• Dalmatian, Bouvier des Flandres, Siberian Husky and English
Bulldog
• signs of breathing difficulty usually be seen by 2-6 months of age
– Injury
• Trauma, such as a bite wound
Diseases/Disorders
• Clinical Signs
– voice change (bark sounds
hoarse)
– noisey breathing
– gag or choke during eating
– Severe: animal cannot take in
sufficient air (potentially fatal)
• Diagnosis
– Under light anesthesia the
larynx is examined
Diseases/Disorders
• Treatment
– Surgery (“arytenoid lateralization” or “laryngeal tieback”)
• involves putting one or more permanent sutures to hold the
arytenoid cartilage open
• usually successful
Diseases/Disorders
• Feline Viral
Respiratory Diseases
– highly contagious
– spread rapidly
– few adult cats die of
upper respiratory
disease
– death rate among young
kittens ~ 50%
Diseases/Disorders
• Etiology
– 80-90% caused by the
herpesvirus group and the
calicivirus group
• Clinical Signs
–
–
–
–
–
Sneezing
Conjunctivitis
Fever (pyrexia)
Eye and nasal discharge
Decrease in appetite
(anorexia)
– Low energy
– Depending on virus: stomatitis
and ulceration in oral cavity
Diseases/Disorders
• Diagnosis
– Clinical signs
– Throat cultures
– Blood tests
• Treatment
– Isolate affected cat
– Disinfect any fomites
– Antibiotics (treat secondary
bacterial infections)
– Immune supplements
(vitamins, amino acids,
etc.)