Transcript animalia
Packet 10 Taxonomy ___________________________ – the study of placing organisms in to classification groups (or taxa) based upon characteristics that they possess. This classification system is constantly changing based on new information: Table 1: Changing Number of Kingdoms Original division Plantae (written in latin) 1950-1990 TODAY Bacteria Eubacteria Archaebacteria Animalia Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Linnaeus’s ______________________original classification system was made up of 7 levels called taxa (pleural form); Linnaeus’s taxa (largest to smallest) KINGDOM ____________________________ (the broadest or largest taxon) PHYLUM _____________________________ CLASS ____________________________ ORDER __________________________ FAMILY ________________________ GENUS ______________________ SPECIES _________________(the most specific or inclusive taxon) Example:__________________ HUMANS Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primata Hominidae Homo sapiens Current Classification System Domain _____________________a new level (which is larger than a kingdom) has been added to the current classification system. Bacteria There are 3 new domains: ___________________ (also known as the ‘true Archaea bacteria’), __________________ (also known as the ‘ancient bacteria’) Eukarya ________________ (all of which are eukaryotes Fill in the correct taxa for the new (current) structure of the classification system: OMAIN INGDOM HYLUM LASS RDER AMILY ENUS PECIES What is a species??? To be the same species the organisms had to: Be able to reproduce • ________________________________ • ___________________________________________________ Produce offspring that can have offspring So: Donkey Horse ____________+ _____________=> MULE ………Mule x Mule = no offspring so these are different species Liger Liger Liger Lion + Tiger => _______________ => __________x__________= no offspring so these are different species In the above examples, the parents are different species which results in their offspring being sterile (meaning that when the offspring reach adulthood, they are unable to have their own offspring). Grolar video – cross between a grizzly and polar bear Naming Organisms: Linnaeus created a system of naming all living things based on 2 words called: Binomial nomenclature ____________________________________. This is the scientific name and is written in LATIN _________________. The 2 word name consists of: GENUS SPECIES ________________ _______________ Example: Homo sapiens GENUS SPECIES ________ _________. • Prokaryotic = no nucleus or membrane bound organelles; simple cells • Eukaryotic = nucleus & membrane bound organelles (cells are more complex). • Unicellular • Multicellular = organisms made up of many cells • Autotroph = make usable energy/food internally (i.e. = organism made up of 1 cell photosynthesis) • Heterotroph = needs to eat to gain energy Classification of Living Things (Kingdom Characteristics) Bacteria Eukarya Domain Archaea Kingdom Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom PROTISTA FUNGI PLANTAE Examples Bacteria that live in harsh environments (extremophiles) Bacteria that live in/on you, strep and E. coli Paramecium, Amoeba and Euglena Mushrooms, Mosses, Ferns, Pine Mold and trees, Flowering yeast (unicellular) Plants Kingdom ANIMALIA Sponges, Worms, Insects, Reptiles, Fish, Humans Cell Type (Pro or Eukaryote) PROKARYOTIC Number of Cells (unicellular or multicellular) All UNICELLULAR Cell Wall (absent or present) Present Present in some PRESENT PRESENT ABSENT Nutrition (Autotroph or Heterotroph) Both (depends on type) Both (depends on type) All are All are All are Important Extra Info. EUKARYOTIC Mostly Mostly UNICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR ALL BACTERIA used to be classified Often categorized as into one Kingdom called Kingdom plant-like, animal-like Monera or fungus-like All All MULTICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR HETEROTROPH AUTOTROPH HETEROTROPH Called the great decomposers Carnivorous plants Only kingdom in (ex: Venus flytrap) which all organisms are still considered lack a cell wall. autotrophs. VIRUSES are not living therefore they aren’t classified in any of the kingdoms. Cladogram Primitive Derived characters 1. 2. What features are shared by the salamander & mouse? JAWS & LUNGS 3. Does the hagfish possess a jaw? NO jaws hair placenta multicellular limbs kangaroo earthworm amoeba lizard cat sponge salmon segmented Derived Characteristics + + + + + + + + + + + - + - + + + + + + + + + - A Cladogram can be constructed for any group of organisms. Use the chart below to construct a cladogram. (+ = present; - = not present) A classification key, also knows as a Dichotomous key, is useful in identifying unknown organisms (but is not limited to being used with living things). Organism A Organism B Organism C Passer domesticus Ophiophagus hannah Pinus ponderosa Organism D Monodon monoceros 1a. organism with two or four functional legs . . . go to 2 1b. organism without two or four legs . . . . . . . . . go to 3 2a. organism without wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canis familiaris 2b. organism with wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Passer domesticus 3a. organism is unicellular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go to 4 3b. organism is multicellular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go to 5 4a. organism swims freely in water . . . . . . . . . . . Balantidium sp 4b. organism is anchored to substrate . . . . . . . . . Stentor sp. 5a. organism is heterotrophic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go to 6 5b. organism is autotrophic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go to 7 6a. organism lives in ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monodon monoceros 6b. organism lives on land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ophiophagus hannah 7a. organism is a tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pinus ponderosa 7b. organism is an herb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taraxicum officinale Examples of Protists Structure Function Cilia MOVEMENT Oral Groove WHERE FOOD ENTERS Adaptive advantage CILIA HELP TO SWEEP FOOD INTO THE ORAL GROOVE PREVENTS CELLS FROM POPPING DUE TO OSMOSIS CAN SURROUND Pseudopod “FAKE FOOT” – FOOD ITEM AND or BRINGS IN FOOD BRING IT INTO THE Pseudopodia CELL Contractile Vacuole PUMPS WATER OUT Food Vacuole STORES FOOD Eyespot SENSES & ABSORBS LIGHT Flagellum MOVEMENT WHERE FOOD IS BROKEN DOWN BY ENZYMES USES ENERGY FROM THE LIGHT TO POWER THE FLAGELLA These single-celled eukaryotic protists gave rise to the 3 other eukaryotic kingdoms: FUNGI __________________________ PLANTAE __________________________ __________________________ ANIMALIA While plants are very diverse, there are several characteristics that they all share: MULTICELLULAR (made up of many cells) _________________ EUKARYOTIC cells with a nucleus All ______________ WALL made of Their cells are surrounded by a CELL ___________ ______________, CELLULOSE a large carbohydrate. AUTOTROPHS that undergo photosynthesis Are _________________ (they make their own food); Their green color comes from a pigment called CHLOROPHYLL __________________. General Overview Plant Life Plants Grow Most primitive plants Mosses Ferns most complex plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms Flowers & seeds enclosed in a fruit Seeds Vascular Tissue Algae (an aquatic protist) Cuticle (waterproofing) 4 Types of Plants Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms Mosses Ferns Gymnosperm s Angiosperms Flowers & seeds enclosed in a fruit Seeds Vascular Tissue Algae (an aquatic protist) Cuticle (waterproofing) • What is the ancestor of plants GREEN ___________ ALGAE (an aquatic plantlike protist) •What did plants evolve in order to survive on land without drying out? CUTICLE _________ • How do plants get what they need for photosynthesis? Roots Water is absorbed by the __________________ Vascular tissue and travels through the _____________________ of the stem into the leaves. There are 2 types of vascular tissue: ___________________ - transports water up Xylem Phloem ___________________ - transports nutrients (glucose) from the leaves throughout the plant. Excess water is released through the ________________, an STOMA opening on the leaves. In periods of drought, plants keep their stoma __________________ especially during the day. CLOSED CARBON DIOXIDE __________________________ gas enters through the stoma and is used to make glucose CHLOROPHYLL ____________________________ in the chloroplasts of the leaves absorbs sunlight What happens to the products of photosynthesis? EXITS The oxygen ______________________ through the stoma. The __________________ stays in the plant and is used for energy and to make GLUCOSE structures inside the plant. STAMEN – MALE PART ANTHER – MAKES POLLEN FILAMENT STIGMA – STICKY TO CATCH POLLEN PETALS – ATTRACT POLLINATORS SEPAL STYLE PISTIL – FEMALE PART OVARY – FORMS A FRUIT OVULES – FORMS SEEDS STEM After Pollination occurs, a fertilized egg forms into an embryo inside of aSEED ________ with 3 basic parts: EMBRYO - another term for the baby (plant) __________ SEED COAT - surrounds & protects the baby plant _____________ _______________ ENDOSPERM - the food that the embryo will consume to survive until it is able to grow leaves and use photosynthesis to make food. Seed Germination Plant Reproduction Plants spread their seeds by water (coconuts float), wind (dandelions) and animals (burdocks). Why is it good for the seeds to spread away from the parent plant? DECREASE COMPETITION BETWEEN BABY PLANT AND PARENT PLANT TO ENSURE SURVIVAL Seeds remain dormant until TEMPERATURE _______________ & _______________ are just WATER right. Function of Flower Seed Dispersal Plants also respond to the environment. This is called a TROPISM ________________. Example: A stem bending towards the light is PHOTOTROPISM ________________________. Plant Adaptations Adaptations of Plants Specialized Leaves Nature Adaptation Series Plant & Animal Adaptations Plants-in-Motion (tropism) There are 9 animal phyla. One phyla contains mostly A backbone vertebrates (animals with a ___________________). In this phylum there are 5 classes. These are in the table on the next slide. Bilateral symmetry: when there is only one way to divide something into mirror image halves Radial symmetry: parts arranged around a central point The vertebrates can be divided up into 5 classes (or groups) each having a unique set of characteristics: HAS FEATHERS BACKBONE LUNGS AMNIOTIC EGGS HAS FUR Key Characteristics Body Covering Reproductio n Fish Amphibia n (frogs) Reptiles Birds Mammals scales Smooth moist skin Dry scaly skin Feathers Skin, hair, fur External fertilization External fertilization Internal fertilization Internal fertilization Internal fertilization Complete Metamorphosis Lay Leathery eggs on land Lay hard shelled eggs on land Give birth to live young 3-chamber heart 3-chamber 4-chamber 4-chamber heart (most) heart heart Aquatic Eggs Development Ext. Develop. Heart 2-chamber heart Aquatic Eggs Birds Reproduction Most animals reproduce ___________________ which SEXUALLY creates genetic variation Fertilization and development can be ___________________ or INTERNAL _____________________. Animals that rely upon EXTERNAL external fertilization and/or development typically lay 100’s to 1000’s of eggs. Why? BECAUSE MANY WILL DIE Most mammals have internal development – baby develops inside mom surrounded by a ______________________ which PLACENTA controls nutrient and gas exchange between mom and baby. Growth & Development Some animals like arthropods (crabs, spiders, insects) must _______ MOLT or shed their exoskeleton in order to grow. Animals use chemicals called _____________ HORMONES to help cause changes needed for growth & development. Some organisms, including grasshoppers & frogs, undergo METAMORPHOSIS or a major change to become ______________________ an adult. There are two types: INCOMPLETE COMPLETE Why might it be an advantage for the juvenile (tadpole) and adult frog to live in different environments? THEY WON’T COMPETE WITH EACH OTHER. OXYGEN and release _______________________. CARBON DIOXIDE Animals take in ____________ LUNGS Amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals all have ___________. There are many blood vessels within the lungs so the oxygen can go right into the bloodstream for delivery throughout the body. Some organisms such as frogs and worms can also breathe absorb oxygen through their SKIN ________. The skin of MOIST these organisms must stay __________. What do tadpoles use for gas exchange? GILLS ________ HETEROTROPHIC which means Animals are _______________________, they must eat. The typical digestive system of animals includes a mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. MOUTH/STOMACH breaks down the The ________________________ food. SMALL INTESTINES main job is to The _________________________ absorb the nutrients from the food. There are many blood vessels attached to the small intestine so the nutrients enter directly into the blood stream and are transported throughout the body. LARGE INTESTINES absorbs excess The ________________________ water and creates solid waste. This system is modified depending on an animal’s diet. Stomach The intestine is the longest part of the digestive system. It is not a smooth tube, but instead the inside surface is covered with many folds (villi). How does the surface of the small intestine help with its function? ________________________________________________ THE VILLI INCREASE SURFACE AREA TO ABSORB ____________________________________________ MORE NUTRIENTS. Most animals have a ________________ CIRCULATORY system to transport food, gasses and wastes throughout the body. The circulatory system of many animals includes a _________ HEART to pump the blood through the arteries, veins and capillaries. In larger organisms this network of blood vessels is necessary to ensure blood carrying nutrients and oxygen makes it to all parts of the body. Heart 3 chambered Amphibians and some reptiles have a ____ ECTOTHERMIC heart and are __________________ - rely on the environment to maintain their body temperature. Birds and mammals have a ___ 4 chambered heart and ENDOOTHERMIC are _______________________, maintain own body temperature internally. A 3-chambered heart would not work for humans b/c blood with and without oxygen would mix. This system works in amphibians because they also get oxygen through SKIN their______________. I am a type of bacteria cell that cause most dental infections. I can survive in a wound that does not contain oxygen. (2 words) Although I can catch flies in my trap, I still must make my own food using the sun’s energy to survive I cannot make my own food internally and must eat to obtain energy for life. I must have oxygen to survive. I am cell that contains a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.