Transcript AH chp 13-2
Chapter 13 Respiratory System Interesting Facts Functions Exchanges gases between the blood and lungs Regulate body temperature Maintains electrolyte balance Exchanges Gases between lungs and blood External, Internal & Cellular Respiration External Respiration • AKA ventilation or breathing • Brings oxygen into the lungs • Consists of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation) – Inspiration-air enters, is warmed, moistened & filtered as it goes to alveoli – Expiration expels the CO2 from the alveoli Internal Respiration • Exchanges O2 and CO2 between the cells and lymph • Alveoli transfer O2 to the cells and cells transfer CO2 back to alveoli Cellular Respiration • AKA oxidation • Uses oxygen to release energy stored in nutrient molecules such as glucose STRUCTURES Upper Airway Nasal Cavity • Nostrils-two oval openings – Cilia-filter – Warms, moistens, & filters • Tonsils & Adenoids – Help fight infection • Sinuses – Filled with air in and around nasal area – Mucous membranes line the sinuses – Help warm and moisten – Give resonance to the voice • Pharynx – – – – • AKA the throat Serves passageway for food and air 5 inches long epiglottis Larynx – AKA Voice box – Makes up the Adams apple – Glottis-space between the vocal cords that allows for air movement to create sound • Trachea – – – – AKA windpipe 11.2 centimeters in length 15-20 rings Lined with mucous membrane and ciliated epithelium to help entrap foreign matter • Trachea LOWER AIRWAY • Bronchi – Divides into right & left – Right a little shorter, wider & more vertical • Bronchioles – Y-shaped – Lined with cartilaginous plates – Both bronchi & bronchioles lines with cilia & sticky mucous (phlegm) • Alveoli – Saclike clusters – 500 million alveoli in an adult – Inner area covered with surfactant which helps to prevent lung collapsing • Bronchoscopy The Lungs • Cone shaped organs • Separated by the mediastinum & heart • Top is apex • Bottom is base • Porous & spongy • Covered with thin, moist, slippery membrane called pleura MECHANICS OF BREATHING How it works! • Breathing occurs due to changes of pressure within the chest cavity • Negative pressure causes lungs to be expanded Diaphragm contracts lungs expand Breathing Diaphragm relaxes, lungs deflate Rate of Breathing • Normal is 14-20 • Affected by – Muscular activity – Increased body temperature – Male or Female – Age – Sleeping – Emotions Other Situations • Coughing • Hiccups-spasm of diaphragm & spasm of glottis • Sneezing-clears upper nasal airway • Yawning-usually because of the increase need for oxygen Assessment • Character – Regular rhythm • Apnea • Cheyne-Stokes • Kussmaul’s respirations • Using Accessory muscles • muscle Types of respirations • • • • • Apnea-temporary stop breathing Dyspnea-difficult breathing Eupnea-normal breathing Hyperpnea-increase depth of breathing Orthopnea-difficulty breathing when lying down • Tachypnea-fast, shallow breathing • Bradypnea-slow breathing DISORDERS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • • • • • • • • • • Anthrax Asthma Atelectasis Bronchitis Carbon Monoxide Poisoning COPD Cold Cystic Fibosis Emphysema Hanta virus • • • • • Lung Cancer Pleural Effusion Pleurisy Pneumonia Respiratory Distress Syndrome • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome • Tuberculosis • Upper respiratory Infection