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Introduction to the
Human Body
What factors probably
stimulated an early
interest in the human
body?
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Mummy’s Toe
- Lived between 1550 and
1300 B.C. in Thebes,
Egypt
- Right big toe ends in a
prosthesis made of wood
- Skin and connective
tissue grew over prosthesis
- What is this evidence of ?
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Mummy’s Toe
Scientists think the
mummy had type 2
diabetes, which can
cause poor circulation in
the toes.
Her toe might have been
amputated if gangrene
(tissue death) had set in
Introduction
Our earliest ancestors
studied the human body out
of curiosity of how their
bodies worked
They studied how to treat
injuries and illnesses
Early healers relied on
superstitions and magic
Later, herbs were used to
treat certain ailments
Illustration from De Humani Corporis
Fabrica by Andreas Vesalius (1543)
Introduction
- People began observing the
world more scientifically, asking
questions and seeking answers
- Knowledge of human body
expanded quickly
- New terms to name body
parts, describe their locations,
and explain their functions and
interactions were created
- Most medical terms originated
from Greek and Latins words
Anatomy and Physiology
- Anatomy deals with the structure of the body and its parts
or what things are called
- Physiology studies the functions of these parts (how they
work)
Anatomy and Physiology
- Why is it difficult to separate the topics of anatomy
and physiology?
- The structures of body parts are closely related with
their functions
Anatomy and Physiology
- A body part’s function depends on the way it is
constructed.
What is your hand adapted to do?
What is your mouth adapted to do?
Anatomy and Physiology
Study of the human body first began with earliest
humans because
A) our early ancestors were curious about the world
around them.
B) they were interested in their body parts and their
functions as we are today.
C) of their concern with illness and injury.
D) they were bored.
Anatomy and Physiology
Which of the following factors sets the stage for
early knowledge of the human body?
A) a belief that spirits or gods controlled sickness and
health
B) the growing experience of medicine men as they
treated the sick with herbs and potions
C) the development of paper
D) the ability to ask questions and record the answers
Anatomy and Physiology
What languages form the basis of the language
of anatomy and physiology?
Latin and Greek
Anatomy and Physiology
The branch of science that deals with
the structure of body parts is…
Anatomy
Anatomy and Physiology
The branch of science that deals with
how body parts function is
Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology
The function of a part is
(always, sometimes, never)
related to its structure.
Anatomy and Physiology
True or False. While knowledge
of physiology continues to
develop, knowledge of
anatomy does not change.
List the levels of organization of the body in order of
increasing complexity, beginning with the atom.
Atom  Molecule  Macromolecule 
Organelle  Cell  Tissue  Organ 
Organ System  Organism
Levels of Organization
Why is it difficult
to separate the
topics of anatomy
and physiology?
Levels of Organization
The function of a
body part if
always related to
its structure.
Levels of Organization
With new tools such as microscopes, scientists
discovered larger body structures were made up of
smaller ones.
Levels of Organization
All materials that make up the human body are
composed of chemicals.
Levels of Organization
Chemicals consist of microscopic particles called atoms
which join to form molecules, which combine
in complex ways to form larger
macromolecules
Cells
Smallest, most basic
unit of life.
- Each type of
specialized cell has its
own job to do.
- Blood cells carry O2
to all parts of the
body
- Lung cells make mucus
that traps particles
and protects the lungs
from bacteria and
viruses
Tissues
Groups of cells
working together to
perform a
specialized function
Four types of tissue:
1. Epithelial (skin and
lining of many organs)
2. Connective
(ligaments and
tendons)
3. Muscle
4. Nervous
Organs
A group of tissues
working together to
perform a similar
function
Examples:
- Heart
- Lungs
- Liver
- Stomach
Organ
Systems
Two or more organs
working together
Example:
- Lungs, sinuses,
nasal passages,
pharynx, and larynx
make up your
respiratory system
Organism
Together, all of
the organ
systems make up
an organism
Characteristics of Life
Humans share many
characteristics with
other organisms,
particularly animals.
Characteristics of Life
The 10 major characteristics of life:
1. Movement
2. Responsiveness
3. Growth
4. Reproduction
5. Digestion
6. Absorption
7. Assimilation – changing substances
into chemically different forms
8. Circulation
9. Respiration – (use of oxygen;
removal of CO2)
10.Excretion
Characteristics of Life
What is metabolism and what
does it enable us to do?
Metabolism is the sum total of chemical
reactions in the body that break substances
down and build them up.
The reactions of metabolism
help us get and use the
energy to fuel life processes.
How can you get a fast
metabolism?
• Exercise and activity!
• Your metabolism rate is
directly linked to how active
you are.
• Your metabolic rate is how
rapidly and efficiently you
pull and use energy
obtained by foods.
• People who are active
throughout the day have
higher metabolisms than
those who are less active.
What is homeostasis?
the regulation and maintenance of the internal
environment — temperature, fluids, salts, pH,
nutrients, and gases—within the narrow ranges that
support human life.
Maintenance of Life
• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
• Water
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• Pressure
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Requirements of Organisms
• Water
- most abundant substance in body
- makes up about 60-70% of body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of
substances
- regulates body temperature
• Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials
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Requirements of Organisms
• Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
• Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
• Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
35
Homeostasis is . . .
the regulation and maintenance of the internal
environment — temperature, fluids, salts, pH,
nutrients, and gases—within the narrow ranges that
support human life.
Control Systems in the Body
• Internal control systems
require sensors, a
control center,
communication
systems, and targets.
Sensors
Sensors (receptors) gather
information about conditions
inside and outside of the
body.
Control Systems in the Body
Control
Center/Set Point
- The brain receives info from
the sensors.
- Then compares that info to
the ideal values
- When conditions move above
or below a set point, the
control center responds by
sending messages through a
communication system.
Control Systems in the Body
Communication Systems
- Nervous system and the
endocrine system carry messages
to all parts of the body
- Messages are in the form
of nerve impulses or hormones
- Tell targets in the body how
to respond to internal or
external changes
Control Systems in the Body
Effectors/Targets
- A target is any organ, tissue,
or cell that changes its level of
activity in response to a
message.
- Example: In a cold
environment, a message might
cause the muscles to start
shivering to generate more body
heat.
Feedback Loops
• Sensors, control centers,
communication systems,
and targets working
together make up a
Feedback Loop
• Feedback - information
from sensors that allows a
control center to compare
current conditions to a set
of ideal values.
• In a feedback loop,
information moves
continuously among
sensors, a control center,
and a target.
Integrator - control center
Effector - Target
Negative feedback loops
• Almost all functions in the body are regulated
by negative feedback loops.
What is negative feedback?
• Negative feedback – sends instructions to a target
to counteract changes
• The target responds to bring conditions back to
normal
• Example: Thermostat's response causes
temperature decrease to reverse and become a
temperature increase
• Example: Shivering in response to cold weather
Explain how the thermostat in our classroom is like a
negative feedback loop.
•
•
•
•
•
A sensor in the thermostat
continuously measures air
temperature in a room.
A control mechanism then compares
the current room temperature to a set
point, say 70˚F.
When the temperature falls below
70˚F, the thermostat sends an
electronic message that turns on the
furnace.
When the sensor indicates the air
temperature is at or just above 70˚F,
the thermostat sends another
message that turns off the furnace.
As a result, the room always stays
within a few degrees of the desired
temperature.
What does your body do if:
You get too cold?
Blood flow decreases. Tiny muscles
contract the pores and skin around
body hairs to conserve heat.
What does your body do if:
You get too hot?
Blood flow to the skin increases. Tiny
muscles expand the pores. Sweat
glands release water to cool the body.
What does your body do if:
Your blood pressure is too high?
Brain tells heart chambers to contract more
slowly and with less force, decreasing heart
action, blood flow, and thus the pressure
inside the blood vessels
What does your body do if:
Your blood pressure is too low?
Brains tells heart to contract more rapidly
and with greater force to increase the
pressure in the blood vessels.
Positive Feedback
• In some cases, the body needs change to
accomplish a specific task.
What is positive feedback?
Sensory information causes the body to increase the rate of
change away from homeostasis, to produce more chaos in the
body
Positive feedback loops need to be 'broken' when they have
served their purpose
Example: Thermostat's response to a dropping temperature
was to switch on the air conditioner (chiller).
How is positive feedback involved in clotting our
blood when we cut our finger?
• Positive feedback
mechanisms
increase the clotting
factors in your blood
until the wound has
sealed.
• The body is moving
further away from its
ideal conditions, for a
short time.
Questions to see if you understand:
When a pregnant women goes into labor, the contractions
usually get closer and closer together as time goes on,
and more intense. Is this negative or positive feedback?
Positive Feedback
Fetus's head moves into birth canal at start of labor, which
causes the birth canal to stretch beyond its setpoint
amount of stretch, which is detected by sensors in the
vaginal wall and fed back to hypothalamus of brain, which
releases the hormone, oxytocin, which stimulates stronger
and more frequent uterine contractions, which pushes the
fetus, which causes more vaginal stretch, which produces
more OT, and so on -- greatly amplifying and speeding up
labor contractions
Broken when baby is born (no more stretch, thank
goodness!!)
The body is
deviating
further away
from
homeostasis
Questions to see if you understand:
When you ride a bike and
make adjustments to balance
the bike, is this positive or
negative feedback?
Negative Feedback
You are trying to help your
bike maintain homeostasis
(balance)
Questions to see if you understand:
Why are most functions of your body
regulated by negative feedback, not positive
feedback?
Negative feedback loops help your body to
maintain homeostasis. They work to bring the
body back to its normal conditions.
Positive feedback loops on the other hand, move
the body’s conditions further away from the ideal
conditions.
Suppose you are caught out in the rain and get
drenched and cold. Which type of feedback loop would
cause your body to start shivering to keep warm?
Negative Feedback
Your brain is sending
instructions to your
muscles, causing them
to shiver and generate
heat that will help raise
your body temperature
and bring conditions
back to normal.
Organ Systems
Name each
organ
system
(there are
11 total)
Organ Systems
1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Digestive
7. Respiratory
8. Circulatory
9. Lymphatic
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive
Also called Circulatory
System
Major Organs: Heart,
blood vessels, blood
Functions: Transports
gases, nutrients,
hormones and wastes
Major Organs: Mouth,
tongue, teeth, salivary glands,
pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas, small intestine and
large intestine
Function: Break down food
molecules into simpler forms
Major Organs: Hypothalamus,
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenal glands, pancreas,
ovaries, testes, pineal gland,
thymus
Function: Secrete hormones to
stimulate the metabolic activities
of the cells.
Also known as Urinary
System
Major Organs: Kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder, and urethra
Function: Remove wastes from
blood, help maintain body’s
water and salt concentrations
Also known as Lymphatic
System
Major Organs: lymphatic
vessels, lymph fluid, lymph
nodes, thymus and spleen
Function: Defends body against
all foreign substances
Major Organs: skin,
hair, nails, sweat
glands, and sebaceous
(oil) glands
Function: Protects
underlying tissues,
helps regulate body
temperature and
contains sensory
receptors
Major Organs: Muscles
Function: Movement,
posture, and provide body
heat
Major Organs: Brain, spinal cord,
nerves
Function: Carries messages (nerve
impulse) throughout the body
Major Organs: Ovaries,
uterus, vagina (female)
Testes, prostate gland, penis
(male)
Function: Allows for
continuation of the human
species
Major Organs: Nasal
cavity, pharynx,
larynx, trachea,
bronchi, lungs
Function: Move air in
and out and exchange
gases between blood
and air
Major Organs:
Bones, ligaments,
cartilage
Function: Support,
gives us our shape