Transcript ALAT Chapter 4

Chapter Four
Cell and Tissue Structure
ALAT Presentations Study Tips
 If viewing this in PowerPoint, use the
icon to run
the show (bottom left of screen).
 Mac users go to “Slide Show > View Show” in menu bar
 Click on the Audio icon:
when it appears on the
left of the slide to hear the narration.
 From “File > Print” in the menu bar, choose “notes
pages”, “slides 3 per page” or “outline view” for
taking notes as you listen and watch the
presentation.
 Start your own notebook with a 3 ring binder, for later study!
Cell and Tissue Structure
 Technicians must understand normal behavior
and functioning of animals to care for them and
help researchers.
 Knowledge of normal anatomy and physiology
will help technicians recognize abnormalities and
report observed changes and become more
valuable to the research team.
Anatomy and Physiology
 Gross anatomy = structures visible to the eye
 Histology = microscopic view of tissue
 Physiology = function of parts of an organism
 Functions to survive, grow & reproduce
 Vertebrates have a spine made of bone
 Anatomy & physiology reveals
many species similarities
 Species comparisons help
develop animal models for
the study of diseases.
Body Organization
 Levels of organization: cellular, tissue & organ
 Tissues composed of cells & intercellular material
 Organs are composed of several types of tissue
 Cells have three basic components:
cell membrane - surrounds, permits nutrients and
gases to enter the cell, wastes to leave
nucleus - contains DNA that directs cell function
cytoplasm - contains nutrients & organelles
Some cellular processes are active and require energy, i.e. the
breakdown of nutrients into their individual components
Other processes are passive & are result of concentration
differences, i.e. passage of water across cell membrane
(Image) Types of Cells
Tissue
 Four types of tissue and their functions are:
Connective tissue: binds together or supports cells,
tissues and organs, i.e. bones, tendons and
subcutaneous tissues.
Muscle = contractile tissue: shortens upon stimulation,
to function in movement, posture and heat production.
Nerve tissue: specialized tissue that conducts
impulses throughout the body. The brain, spinal cord
are composed of nerve tissue.
Epithelial tissue: covers all body surfaces, lines all
cavities and forms glands. It protects against the
environment outside the tissue. Skin and the lining of
the mouth are epithelial tissues.
Organs and Organ Systems
 Organs make up systems that perform specific
bodily functions.
 Systems can not function alone and are
dependant on others, i.e. the heart.
 The heart is part of the circulatory system, pumps
blood and composed of muscle, connective,
nerve and epithelial tissues.
The nervous system controls the heart,
using information from all the body.
Without the other parts of the circulatory
system, heart would be unable to function.
 The body consists of 11 major organ systems.
(Image) Imaging of Organs and Heart
beat
Describing Anatomical Features
 Terms may refer to the body
cranial = the head
 Terms may refer to specific structures
oral = the mouth
 Structures have names related to other structures
radial artery is named for its proximity to the radius.
 Parts of the body have regional names
abdominal muscles
General Anatomical Organization
 Bilaterally symmetrical
structures are the same on each side
body is divided evenly into right and left halves
 Body arranged in 3 divisions
The head
contains sense organs and brain
protected by the skull
connects to the trunk by the neck
The trunk - thoracic cavity &
abdominal cavity
The appendages - limbs & tail
Additional Reading
Frandson, R.D. Anatomy and Physiology of Farm
Animals, Fourth Edition. Lea and Febiger,
Philadelphia, PA. 1992.