Transcript Health Science Core Chapter 1, 2, 3, and 4

Health Science Core
Chapter 16 and 17
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Revised: August 2007
Chapter 17
Excretion: The Respiratory, Digestive, and
Urinary Systems
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Excretion System
1. Respiratory System
2. Digestive System
3. Urinary System
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Respiratory System
• All cells need oxygen
• Carbon dioxide is the
waste product from
cellular activity
• Urinary system and
respiratory system
work to remove waste
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Respiratory System Consists
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Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tubes
Alveoli
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Nose
• Nares – two openings
• Nasal septum – separate the nares
• Cilia – hairlike structures that propel mucus, pus, and dust
particles
• Nose warms, moistens, and filters air
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Pharynx
• Nasopharynx – upper
section
– Tonsils
– Eustachian tube
• Oropharynx – middle
section
– Receive air and food
• Laryngopharynx – lower
section
– Opening to esophagus
– Opening to trachea
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Larynx
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Voice box
Thyroid cartilage – adam’s apple
Vocal folds – produce sound
Epiglottis – flap that prevent
foreign substance from entering
the trachea when swallowing
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Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, and Alveoli
• Trachea – c-shaped
cartilage
• Bronchi – divide to left
and right
(right side is not as angled)
• Bronchioles – smaller
branches
• Alveoli – sacs surrounded
by blood vessels that
exchange gases
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Diaphragm
• Has characteristics of
both voluntary and
involuntary muscles
• Dome-shaped muscle
• Divides thorax from
abdomen
• Contracts during
inhalation
• Relaxes during
exhalation
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Breathing Process
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Inhalation
• Diaphragm and
intercostal muscles
contract, increasing the
size of the thoracic cavity.
• Pressure in the lungs
decreases.
• Air travels to the lungs.
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Exhalation
• Diaphragm and intercostal
muscles relax.
• As the muscles relax, all
dimensions of the thorax
decrease.
• Pressure in the lungs
increases.
• Air flows out of the lungs.
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Exchange of Oxygen and
Carbon Dioxide
• Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration.
• Oxygen diffuses into the blood.
• The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen.
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Control of Breathing
• Involuntary:
– Medulla oblongata
controls breathing increases breathing rate if
the carbon dioxide level in
blood becomes too high
– Hypoxic drive is a “backup
system - activates when
oxygen levels fall to
stimulate breathing
• Voluntary Control
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Normal Breathing Rates
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Adults
12 to 20 breaths/min
Children
15 to 30 breaths/min
Infants
25 to 50 breaths/min
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Recognizing Inadequate Breathing
• Irregular rhythm
• Labored breathing
• Muscle retractions
• Pale or blue skin
• Cool, clammy skin
• Faster respiratory rate
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Conditions of the Lungs
• Asthma – inflammation,
mucus, and swelling of the
bronchioles
• Hemothorax – blood within
the pleural cavity
• Epistaxis – nose bleed
• Apnea – cessation of
spontaneous breathing
• Dyspnea – difficulty
breathing
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Conditions of the Lungs
• Emphysema - loss of
elasticity of the lower
airway lung tissue
• Bronchitis – inflammation
of the bronchi
• Laryngitis – inflammation
of the larynx
• Pneumonia –
inflammation of the lungs
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Digestive System
• Breaking food down into
chemical parts
• Alimentary canal - begins in
the mouth and ends in the
anus
• Peristalsis – rhythmic,
wavelike motion that occurs
throughout the digestive tract
and causes the contents to be
forced onward
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Mouth
• Tongue – contains
taste buds
• Teeth – chew food
smaller
• Saliva – moistens and
begins digesting
– Enzyme (Ptyalin) –
breaks down
starches into simple
sugars
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Esophagus and Stomach
• Esophagus:
– large muscular tube
• Stomach:
– Cardiac sphincter – first
valve between
esophagus and
stomach
– Pyloric sphincter –
stomach and small
intestines
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Stomach
• Digestive juices:
– Hydrochloric acid – kills
pathogens, softens meat,
and absorption of iron,
and activates certain
enzymes
– Pepsin (enzyme) –
breaks down protein
– Lipase (enzyme) – breaks
down fat
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Small Intestines
• Small Intestines:
– Villi – projections that contain
capillaries and lacteals that
absorb digested nutrients
– 20 feet long uncoiled
– Duodenum:
• First section about 10
inches
• Pancreas duct secrets
pancreatic juices further
digest
• Liver duct secrets bile
further digest
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Small Intestines
• Jejunum:
– middle section
– 8 feet long
• Ileum:
– Last section
– Ileocecal sphincter
seperates small
intestines and large
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Large Intestines
• About 5 feet long uncoiled
• Cecum – beginning of the large
intestines
• Appendix – lymphoid tissue
• Absorption of water and
remaining nutrients
• Storage of indigestible material
• Removal of waste products
• Ascending, transverse,
descending, and sigmoid colon
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Conditions of the Alimentary Canal
• Appendicitis – inflammation of the
appendix
• Colitis – inflammation of the colon
• Ulcer – lesion on the skin or
mucous membrane of the
stomach or duodenum
• Vomiting – reverse peristalsis
resulting in expulsion of stomach
contents
• Diarrhea – watery bowels
movements
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Urinary System
• Filter waste products
from the blood and
excrete
• Provide assistance
maintaining water
balance of the body
• Regulating acid base
balance of the body
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Kidney
• Outer section:
– Cortex – made up of
nephrons
• Inner section:
– Medulla – made up of
collecting tubes
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Nephrons
• Basic filter of the kidney
• Water and dissolved
materials filter from the
blood into the convoluted
tubule
• Waste products form urine
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Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra
• Ureters – long slender
muscular tubes that extend
from the kidney basin to the
bladder
• Bladder - hollow muscular sac
that stores urine till excreted
• Urethra – tube that extends
from the bladder to the outside
of the body
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Conditions of the Urinary System
• Anuria – failure to produce urine
• Dysuria – painful or difficult
urination
• Hematuria – blood present in
the urine
• Incontinence – loss of bladder
control
• Kidney stones – stone made up
of uric acid and calcium salts
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Questions – What prevents food from
entering into the trachea?
A. Tonsil
B. Epiglottis
C. Tongue
D. Esophagus
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Question – What is the rhythmic motion that
moves food through the digestive system
A. Ptyalin
B. Chyme
C. Peristalsis
D. Swallowing
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Question – Stone made up of uric acid and
calcium salts is hematuria.
A. True
B. False
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Chapter 17
The Specialties: The Sensory, Endocrine,
and Reproductive System
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Sensory System
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Sight
Smell
Hearing
Taste
Balance
Touch
Pressure
Temperature
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The Eye
• Eyelids and eyelashes protect
the eye from foreign body
• Three layers:
– Sclera – outer layer that is
connective tissue white in
color
– Choroid coat – middle layer
that is connective tissue
containing blood vessels
– Retina – inner layer
contains nerve receptors
for vision.
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The Eye
• Cones – light vision
• Rods – dark or dim
• Pupil – constricts when light
is bright and dilates when
light is dim
• Cornea – permits light
through to retina and
sensitive to injury
• Conjunctiva – mucous
membrane that covers the
inner eyelids and front
eyeball
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Ailment of the Eye
• Astigmatism – irregularity in
the curvature of the cornea
or lens that can blur vision
• Cataract – lens becomes
cloudy
• Conjunctivitis –
inflammation of the white of
the eye (pink eye).
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Ailments of the Eye
• Glaucoma – increased intraocular
pressure
• Strabismus – muscles of the
eyeball fail to coordinate
movement (cross eye).
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The Ear
• Allows hearing
and balance
• Three sections:
– Auricle or pinna – outer ear made of cartilage and
projects from the head
– Tympanic cavity – middle ear which conducts sound
– Cochlea – inner ear which holds the sensory receptors
for hearing and equilibrium
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The Ear
Cerumen - Outer portion of the pinna
secretes a special wax that trap
foreign bodies
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The Ear
Middle Ear – hearing begins when sound waves
vibrate the tympanic membrane and transmit
sound to the three ossicles.
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The Ear
Inner ear – transmits sound to brain for
interpretation and vestibules that contain fluid
providing sense of balance
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Taste
• Located on the surface
of the tongue
• Tasted only in liquid form
• Sweet
• Sour
• Salty
• Bitter
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Smell
• Olfactory epithelium
stimulated by scents.
• Inflammation of the
nasal passage
diminishes sense of
smell
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Sense of Touch
Perception of
texture, shape,
size, pressure,
pain, and
temperature
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Endocrine System
• Gland – structure that
secretes substances used
elsewhere in the body
• Exocrine – glands that
transport secretions to
another part of the body via
ducts
• Endocrine – glands that
secrete hormones directly into
blood or lymph system to
different tissue
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Revised: August 2007
Pituitary Gland
• Located at the base of
the brain
• Master gland
• Controls secretion of
hormones from other
glands
• Secrete hormone that
regulate reproduction,
growth, and metabolism
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Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
• Located anterior portion
of trachea
• Thyroid regulates
metabolism and needs
iodine
• Parathyroid regulate the
amount of calcium in the
body
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Revised: August 2007
Adrenal Gland
• Locate on top of the kidneys
• Two parts:
– Cortex – outer part secrete
a variety of steroid
hormones
– Medulla – inner part secrete
into the blood epinephrine
and norepinephrine
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Pancreas
• Upper left abdominal
quadrant
• Secretes insulin which
regulates blood sugar
levels
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Thymus Gland
• Mass of lymphoid tissue
located in the thoracic
cavity
• Responsible for
formation of the immune
system
• Atrophies during puberty
years
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Female Reproductive System
• Ovaries – produce
estrogen which is
responsible for sex
characteristics
• Uterus – responsible for
holding the embryo and
fetus from conception till
birth
• Fallopian tubes – ovum
transported through with
peristalsis
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Female Reproductive System
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Male Reproductive System
• Testes produce sperm
and testosterone
hormone
• Prostate gland – produce
fluid nourish sperm and
increase motility
• Cowper’s gland – secrete
fluid that lubricates and
neutralizes acidity
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Revised: August 2007
References
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•
Pollak, Andrew N. Emergency Care and
Transportation of the Sick and Injured. 9th ed.
Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett,
2005.
Stevens, Kay, and Garber, Debra. Introduction
to Clinical Allied Healthcare. 2nd ed. Clifton
Park, New York: Thomson Delmar Learning,
1996.
Broward County Public Schools
Revised: August 2007