Transcript Chapter 3 Organ Systems of the Body

Organ Systems of the Body
Organ – made of at least two kinds
of tissue that can perform complex
functions
Organ System – a group of organs
that are working together
11 Organ Systems:
1.Integumentary 9.Digestive
2.Skeletal
10.Urinary
3.Muscular
11.Reproductive
4.Nervous
5.Endocrine
6.Circulatory
7.Lymphatic
8.Respiratory
Integumentary System
Contains following organs:
1.Skin/cutaneous- 20 lbs.(16% of
body mass!)
2.Hair
3.Nails
4.Sensory receptors (CIPA)
5.Sweat glands
6.Oil Glands (sebacious)
Functions:
1.Protection- against
infectionproper hygiene, etc…
2.Regulation of body
temperature
3.Synthesis of chemicals &
hormones
4.Sensory organ
Skeletal System:
1.Structure
A.Bones -206 in adults – why
more bones in babies?
B.Joints –between bones for
movement
Bones are held together by
ligaments, and ends are
protected by cartilage.
Functions:
1.Support
2.Protection
3.Movement
4.Formation of blood cells
5.Storage of minerals – calcium
& phosphorous
Muscular System:
Structure:
1.Voluntary (skeletal) are
under our control -biceps
2.Involuntary (smooth) are not
under our control –
examples??
3.Cardiac (heart) - involuntary
Functions:
1.Movement
2.Maintain body posture
3.Produce body heat
When stimulated by nerve impulses
muscle tissue shortens/contracts,
and movement occurs – if attached
to bones
Nervous System:
Structure:
1.Brain – 10%-20% is used?
(not true!)
2.Spinal cord
3.Nerves
Primary Functions:
1.Communication between body
functions
2.Integration of body functions working together
3.Control of body functions –
movement
4.Recognition of sensory stimulihot, cold, pressure, pain
All functions regulated by nerve
impulses- very
fast, & allow us to do several
things at same time.
Example: walk, talk, chew
gum, & text simultaneously.
Endocrine System:(hormone system)
Structure:
1.Pituitary gland – pea sized
master gland- in skull
2.Pineal gland –internal clock
3.Hypothalamus-body temp.
4.Thyroid gland-metabolism
5.Parathyroid glands-regulate
calcium in blood
Contd.
6.Thymus gland-immunity
7.Adrenal glands-regulates
salts & adrenalin (“fight or
flight” response)…example?
8.Pancreas-insulin production
9.Ovaries (female) - estrogen
10.Testes (male) - testosterone
Functions:
1.Communication, integration,
and control
2.Control is slow but long-lasting
3.Secrete hormones into blood
to regulate: a.Growth
b.Metabolism
c.Reproduction
Circulatory System:(cardiovascular)
Structure:
1.Heart (2 atria & 2 ventricles)
2.Blood
3.Blood Vessels – arteries, veins &
capillaries
-arteries – carry 02 blood away
from heart
-veins – carry de-02 blood to heart
Functions:
1.Primary – transportation of
blood containing:
-oxygen
-carbon dioxide
-nutrients
-hormones
-wastes – to excretory organs
2.Regulate body temperature
Lymphatic System:(collection & filtration)
Structure:
1.Lymph nodes-in arm pits,
groin,& throat
2.Lymph vessels- carry lymph
3.Thymus (immunity)
4.Spleen (immunity)
5.Tonsils (annoyance!!, possible
immunity?)
Functions:
1.Transportation of whitish fluid
called “lymph”; contains
lymphocytes (wbc’s), proteins
and fatty molecules
Lymph comes from fluid around
body cells – diffuses into lymph
vessels –passes through thoracic
duct into veins
Lymphatic system moves fluids
and fat-related nutrients from
digestive tract back to blood.
2.Aids the Immune system
Respiratory system:
Structure
1.Nose
2.Pharynx-throat
3.Larynx-voice box (adam’s
app.)
4.Trachea-windpipe (emergency
tracheotomy for oxygen)
5.Bronchi
Function:
1.Exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide in the alveoli of
the lungs
Alveoli - millions of tiny air sacs
in lungs; destroyed by tar in
cigarette smoke – which also
causes emphysema –
obstruction in the lungs.
(Asthma – bronchi)
Digestive System:
Primary Organs:
1.Mouth
2.Pharynx
3.Esophagus – peristalsis movement
4. Stomach - HCL
5.Small Intestine - digestion
6.Large Intestine – water absorption
7.Rectum
8.Anal Canal
Accessory Organs:
1.Teeth
2.Salivary glands – salivary
amaylase
3.Tongue
4.Liver – filters blood, makes bile
5.Gall Bladder – stores bile
6.Pancreas – makes insulin +
enzymes
Functions:
1.Mechanical (physical) and
chemical breakdown of food
2.Absorption of nutrients
3.Elimination of undigested
waste; feces
Appendix – structural, but not a
“true” functional part
-inflammation = appendicitis
Urinary System:
Structure:
1.Kidneys
2.Ureters
3.Urinary bladder
4.Urethra
Functions:
1.Kidneys filter blood continually –
remove waste (urine) – flows thru
ureters & is stored in bladder –
passes out of body thru urethra.
Males – urethra carries urine &sperm
Females – urinary & reproductive passages
are separate
2.Water balance
3.Electrolyte balance
4.Acid/base balance
Reproductive System:
MALE:
1.Gonads/testes – make sperm
2.Vas deferens –ducts that transport
semen to urethra
3.Prostate gland – adds fluid &
nutrients to sperm
4. Epididymis – storage &
maturation of sperm
5.Penis & scrotum – external
genitalia
Structure: (contd.)
Female:
1.Gonads – ovaries - eggs
2.Fallopian tubes – “attach” to
ovary via fimbria (cilia)
3.Uterus – menstruation/fetus
4.Vagina
5.External – genitalia (vulvaext.part of vagina) and
mammary glands (breasts)
Functions:
1.Survival of species
2.Production of gametes – sperm &
egg cells
3.Transfer & fertilization of gametes
4.Development & birth of offspring
5.Nourishment of offspring
6.Production of sex hormones
(testosterone & estrogen)
Organ Replacement
Nonvital organs:
Tonsils, 1 kidney, appendix,
spleen,ovary,testes,1 lung, arms
& legs
Vital Organs:
Liver, pancreas, heart, brain
Artificial organs (prothesis) – hands, arms,
legs, pacemaker,artificial joint(hip),dialysis
Machines(kidneys),cochlear implants(ears),
Cornea implants(eyes)
*** less successful for vital organs, but
improving constantly
Organ transplantation – organ rejection
by recipient is major problem
--- Cyclosporine- an immunosuppressive
drug hinders rejection
- weakens immune system &
can lead to serious infection
Another solution: Stem cells & bone
marrow! (reduce rejection), 3-D print!!
Free-flap surgery – build new
organs from a patient’s own
body tissues
Example: parts of the intestine
can be used to repair the
urinary bladder
: veins from the leg are
used in by-pass surgery in the
heart