Transcript Organ Systems of the Body

Organ
Systems
of the Body
Anatomy and Physiology 1
Mrs. Hendricks
Overview and Definitions
1. Organ: a structure made up of two or more
kinds of tissues organized in such a way that
the tissues can together perform a more
complex function than can any tissue alone
2. System: a group of organs arranged in such a
way that they can together perform a more
complex function than can any organ alone
3. There are 11 major organ systems of the
body
Integumentary System
1. The skin is the largest and most important organ
in this system
2. Its weight in average adults is 20 pounds or
more and accounts for approximately 16% of
body weight and is the heaviest organ in the
body
3. It includes the skin and its appendages, which
include the hair, nails, sense receptors, sweat
glands, and oil glands
4. The specialized sense receptors allow the body
to respond to a variety of stimuli such as pain,
pressure, touch, and temperature change
5. This system is crucial to survival and the
primary function is protection of your
underlying organs and bones from damage,
bacteria, or chemicals
Skeletal System
1. In this system, there are 206 individual bones
2. Examples include the sternum (breastbone),
humerus (top portion of the arm) and femur (top
portion of the leg)
3. Other portions in this system are related tissues such
as cartilage and ligaments that provide the body with
a rigid framework for support and protection
4. Finally, the system includes joints, found between
bones, and allows body movement – (without them,
no movement occurs)
5. Bones are also storage areas for minerals (calcium
and phosphorus), and formation of blood cells
occurs in the red marrow of certain bones
Muscular System
1. Made of individual skeletal muscles, which are
the organs of this system, along with tendons
2. They produce movement, maintain body
posture, and generate heat for core body
temperature
3. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles, as
contractions are under conscious control
4. Involuntary muscles, known as smooth muscle
tissue is found in blood vessel walls, other
tubular structures, and in the lining of hollow
organs such as the stomach and small intestine
5. Cardiac muscle is specialized and found in the tissue
of the heart
6. Tendons are how muscles are attached to bones
7. When muscles are stimulated, they shorten and
contract
Nervous System
1. Major organs are the brain, spinal cord and nerves
2. Nerves extend from the brain and spinal cord to
every body area
3. Functions include: Communication between,
integration, and control of body functions, as well
as recognition of sensory stimuli
4. Nerve impulses are the specialized signals that
occur allowing for us to chew food and produce a
coordinated muscular movement
5. Other nerve impulses cause glands to secrete fluids
6. Stimuli are recognized by the nervous system
due to heat, light, pressure, or temperature
7. When stimulated the sense organs generate
nerve impulses that travel to the brain or spinal
cord and relay information where appropriate
Endocrine System
1. This system is composed of specialized glands that
secrete chemicals known as hormones directly into
the blood
2. Organs of this system are ductless glands, and have
the same general function as the nervous system
which is to communicate, integrate (work
together), and control
3. The impulses of the nervous system are rapid and
brief, however, the endocrine system provides
slower but longer-lasting control by hormone
secretion
4. Example: Growth hormone controls rate of
development over long periods of gradual growth
5. In addition to growth control, hormones regulate
metabolism, reproduction, and other body
activities such as fluid and electrolyte balance, acidbase balance (pH) and energy metabolism
6. Endocrine glands are widely distributed and are
located as follows:
a. Pituitary gland, pineal gland, and hypothalamus
are found in the skull
b. Thyroid and parathyroid glands are in the neck
c. Thymus gland is in the thoracic cavity
(mediastinum specifically)
d. Adrenal glands and pancreas are in the
abdominal cavity
e. Note that the ovaries and testes also function in
the endocrine system (in the pelvic cavity)
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System
1. Major organs include the heart (muscular pump)
and a closed sytem of vessels made up of arteries,
veins, and capillaries
2. Primary function of this system is transportation
and is critical for life
3. Transportation needs include continuous
movement of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2),
nutrients, hormones and other important
substances
4. Waste products are also released into the
bloodstream on an ongoing basis and are
transported by the blood to the excretory organs
5. Also regulates body temperature by distributing
heat and by retaining or releasing heat from the
body by regulating blood flow near the body
surface
6. Certain cells of the circulatory system are also
involved in immunity or body defense (white blood
cells)
Lymphatic System
1. Composed of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels and
specialized organs such as tonsils, thymus, and
spleen
2. Thymus function as endocrine and a lymphatic gland
3. Instead of blood, lymphatic vessels are filled with
lymph, a whitish, watery fluid that contains
lymphocytes, proteins, and some fatty molecules
4. No red blood cells are present, but lymph is formed
from fluid around the body cells and diffuses into the
lymph vessels
5. Lymph does not circulate in a closed system (like
blood) but instead eventually enters the circulatory
system by passing through large ducts including the
thoracic duct
6. Thoracic duct connects with veins in the upper
area of the thoracic cavity
7. Collections of lymph nodes can be seen in the
axillary (armpit) and in the inguinal (groin) areas
8. Functions include movement of fluids and certain
large molecules from tissues spaces around the
cells
9. Also movement of fat-related nutrients from the
digestive tract back to the blood
10.Lymphatic system is involved in the functioning of
the immune system, playing a critical role in
defense mechanisms against disease
Respiratory System
1. Organs of the respiratory system include the nose,
pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (wind
pipe), bronchi, and lungs.
2. Together these organs permit the movement of air
into the tiny, thin walled sacs of the lungs (alveoli)
where O2 is exchanged for the waste product CO2,
and is carried to the lungs by the blood to be
eliminated from the body
3. The respiratory organs also function to include:
warming and humidifying air in cool or dry
environments, inhaled irritants such as pollen or
dust can be trapped in the sticky mucus that covers
the lining of respiratory passages, and helps to
regulate acid-base balances.
Digestive System
1. Typically separated into two groups: primary and
secondary organs, both of which work together
to ensure proper digestion and absorption of
nutrients
2. Primary organs: mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small and large intestine, rectum and
anal canal – form a tube (open at both ends) and
are known as the gastrointestinal tract (GI)
3. Secondary organs: teeth, salivary glands, tongue,
liver, gallbladder, pancreas and appendix
(purpose?)
4. Food entering the GI tract is digested, nutrients
are absorbed, and undigested residue is
eliminated from the body as waste known as
feces
5. Accessory organs assist in the mechanical or
chemical breakdown of ingested food
6. Appendix is attached to the digestive tube but is
not actually part of the digestive process;
inflammation of the appendix is serious, does
cause problems and is known as appendicitis.
Urinary System
1. The organs of the urinary system include the kidneys,
ureters, bladder, and urethra.
2. The kidneys function to clear/clean the blood of the
waste products continually produced by metabolism
of nutrients, and maintain electrolytes, water, and
acid-base balances in the body
3. Urine is the waste product the kidneys produce and it
is produced by flowing out of the kidneys through the
ureters, into the urinary bladder, and is stored. We
pass our urine out of the urethra, in males through the
penis (doubles for seminal fluid also), however, in
females, it is solely for passing urine
4. The organs of the urinary system are not the only
waste eliminators in the body. Undigested food
residues leave the intestinal tract as feces, the lungs
rid the body of CO2 and the skin serves as an
excretory function to eliminate water and some
salts in our sweat.
Reproductive System
1. Normal function of this system ensures survival of
the human race. Additionally, production of
hormones to permit the development of sexual
characteristics occur.
2. Male Reproductive System
a. Organs include the gonads (called testes), which
produce the sex cells or sperm.
b. The important genital ducts, known as the vas
deferens and the prostate, are classified as
accessory organs in the male
c. The penis and scrotum are supporting structure and
together are known as genitalia.
d. The urethra is part of the urinary system, passes through
the penis and carries sperm too.
e. Sperm is produced by the testes, travels through the vas
deferens and exits the body to hopefully fertilize the egg in
the female reproductive tract. The prostate and other
accessory organs add fluid and nutrients to the sex cells as
they pass through the ducts and supporting structures
(penis).
3.
Female Reproductive System
a. The female gonads are the ovaries.
b. The accessory organs include the uterus, uterine or fallopian tubes and
the vagina.
c. In females, the vulva is used to describe the external genitalia.
d. The breasts or mammary glands are also classified as external
accessory sex organs.
e. The reproductive cell is the ovum, and it must be fertilized by the male
sperm to permit fertilization. The uterus will then house the developing
offspring in preparation for birth.