Transcript human body systems

HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION:
Tissue
Cell
Organ
System
Organ
Organism
A. CELLS - basic unit of life
B. TISSUE (groups of cells w/similar structure and function)
C. ORGANS (groups of tissue working to do a specific job)
D. ORGAN SYSTEMS (a group of organs working together)
E. INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM ( a living thing that carries out life
processes)
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
AKA “Gastrointestinal Tract (GI)
 Converts
foods into simpler molecules, then
absorbs them into the blood stream for use
by cells
MOUTH & SALIVARY GLANDS

Teeth –
cut & grind food

Salivary Glands –
moisten mouth & food with saliva, which
has amylase (an enzyme) to break down
starches
ESOPHAGUS
–
food tube leading to
stomach
Esophagus
– smooth
muscle contracts to push
food into stomach (also
moves food through small
intestines)
Peristalsis
STOMACH
Large musular sac which:
 secretes mucus (to protect stomach)
 secretes hydrochloric acid (which activates pepsin to
digests protein)
 churns food & liquid into “chyme”
SMALL INTESTINE
 Where
most of the chemical digestion &
absorption of nutrients occurs
–
tiny projections that increase surface area
for absorption of nutrients
 Villi
LARGE INTESTINE
Also
called the colon
Water
is removed
from the digested
materials leaving the
small intestine to
form solid waste
Makes Vitamin K
PERISTALSIS
RECTUM
Holds
solid wastes,
called feces, until they
exit the body through
the anus
A. SALIVARY GLANDS
B. MOUTH
C. ESOPHAGUS
D. STOMACH
Liver
E. LARGE
INTESTINE
H. ANUS
Pancreas
F. SMALL INTESTINE
G. RECTUM
LIVER
Largest
internal organ
Secretes
Stores
bile (helps digest fat)
excess glucose as glycogen
PANCREAS
Secretes
digestive fluids and
insulin (which helps balance
glucose in the blood stream)
GALL BLADDER
Stores
bile until needed by the
small intestines to digest lipids
LIVER
stomach
GALL
BLADDER
PANCREAS
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
System of vessels
and/or spaces
through which
blood and/or lymph
fluid flows in a
human.
Circulatory system
Has three (3) main parts:
A. the heart
B. blood vessels
C. blood
C. BLOOD:
-A
liquid tissue consisting of
plasma and blood cells in a
suspension.
- Transports nutrients, dissolved
gases, enzymes, hormones &
waste products
Blood Cells
Red blood cells
(erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Larger in shape than RBCs but
Most numerous, disk-shaped, fewer in number. Helps immune
carries O2 to all cells in the
system fight off pathogens.
body. Carries a protein called
HEMOGLOBIN
Plasma Yellowish liquid
part of blood made up of
90% WATER & 10% PLASMA
PROTEIN, DISSOLVED FAT,
SALT AND SUGAR
platelets
(AID IN CLOTTING)
B. BLOOD VESSELS 1. Arteries - vessels that carry blood AWAY
from the heart.
2. Capillaries - thin-walled blood vessels in
which most of the exchange of gas,
nutrients & wastes takes place.
3. Veins - vessels that RETURN blood to the
heart. Have valves!!!
Section 37-1
Vein
Capillary
Artery
Vein
Artery
Endothelium
Arteriole
Capillary
Venule
Connective
tissue
Connective
tissue
Smooth
muscle
Endothelium
Smooth
muscle
Endothelium
Valve
A. The Heart
1. Main pump of the circulatory system
2. Move Blood THROUGH the BODY
3. Surrounded by a loose-fitting
sac called the pericardium.
4. Has four chambers: Right &
Left Atria and Right & Left Ventricle
The Heart
Pulmonary artery
Right atrium
(contains the
pacemaker sends electric
impulses that
causes heart
muscles to
contract)
Right ventricle:
pumps blood from the
heart to the lungs
AORTA: transports O2
rich blood from the left
ventricle to the body
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium receives O2
rich blood from the
lungs
Left Ventricle pumps O2 rich blood
to the body.
Septum-thick muscle that
separates right half of heart
from left half.
Blood Pressure
measure of the
force that blood
exerts against a
vessel wall
H
Y
P
E
R
T
E
N
S
I
O
N
Disorders
ATHEROSCLEROSIS- NARROWED
ARTERIES DUE TO PLAQUE (FATTY
DEPOSITS), CAN CAUSE HEART ATTACK OR
STROKE.
HYPERTENSION-
(“high blood pressure”)
occurs when the force of
blood pumping through
Anemia - when the
vessels is too great.
blood transports too
little oxygen.
SICKLE-CELL DISEASE
Red Blood Cells are misshapened causing blood cells
to “CLOG” vessels. Hereditary
Leukemia - a form of
cancer where bone marrow
produces immature stem
cells in large numbers &
releasing them into the
bloodstream.
TAKING CARE OF THE HEART
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Exchanges
oxygen and carbon
dioxide between the blood, air &
tissues
NOSE & MOUTH
Entryway
for air
PHARYNX:
Common pathway for food and
air.
EPIGLOTTIS
Flap
that closes off the trachea
when swallowing (prevents
choking)
LARYNX
Voice
cords
box containing vocal
TRACHEA
Tube
lined with cartilage rings
(carries air to lungs)
trachea
BRONCHI &
BRONCHIOLES
 Branch
off from trachea
into each
 lung
bronchi
bronchioles
ALVEOLI

Grape-like air sacs
responsible for
exchanging gases
with the blood
LUNGS
Have
large surface area
for gas exchange
LUNG
CANCER
EMPHYSEMA
HEALTHY
LUNG
DIAPHRAGM
Muscular
sheet that contracts to
bring air into & relaxes to push air
out of the lung
NOSE
BRONCHIOLES
ALVEOLI
DIAPHRAGM
PHARYNX
MOUTH
EPIGLOTTIS
LARYNX
TRACHEA
LUNGS
BRONCHI
Inhalation
Air in
Ribs
rise
Exhalation
Air
out
Ribs
fall
Diaphragm
Mechanisms of Breathing
Excretion:
- the process that helps the body maintain
homeostasis by disposing of wastes in the body.
MAIN ORGANS
Kidneys: act as filters for all of the
liquid waste in the body.
Ureters: tubes that connect the
kidneys to the bladder and transport
urine to the bladder.
Urinary bladder: elastic sac that is
used to store and then remove urine
(liquid waste)
Urethra: single tube that allows the
bladder to release the urine out of
the body.
ADRENAL GLANDS
Although Lungs and Skin are major organs of other organ systems.
They are also a part of the Excretory System.
Lungs: excrete carbon dioxide waste as we exhale.
Skin: excretes sweat through the pores in our
skin.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
* COVERS YOUR BODY
• CONSISTS OF SKIN AND ITS GLANDS, HAIR
AND NAILS
* SKIN IS BODY’S LARGEST ORGAN
* PROTECTS & INSULATES THE BODY
FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM





1. Barrier against infection and injury
2. Help regulate body temperature
3. Remove waste products from body
4. Provide protection against ultraviolet radiation
5. Produces vitamin D
Epidermis
Dermis
Skin Model
EPIDERMIS: Skin’s outer layer
* COVERED WITH PORES
* SWEAT & OIL SECRETED
* TOP LAYER - FLAT, DEAD CELLS REPLACED
EVERY 28 DAYS
* KERATIN – WATERPROOF PROTEIN THAT KEEPS
BACTERIA FROM ENTERING
DERMIS: Thick inner layeryer
1.MAKES COLLAGEN
2. PRODUCES MELANIN (pigment)
3. CONTAINS NERVE ENDINGS,BLOOD VESSELS,
HAIR FOLLICLES & SEBACEOUS GLANDS
(sebum = oil)
4. SWEAT GLANDS
HAIR & NAILS
1. Protects the scalp from UV
rays
2. Protects the tips of fingers
and toes
Can you believe we have 206 bones?
~ Skull and upper jaw 21 bones
~ 3 tiny bones in each ear
~ Lower jaw (mandible)
~ Front neck bone (hyoid)
~ Backbone or spine (26 separate bones or vertebrae)
~ Ribs (12 pairs - same number for men and women)
~ Breastbone
~ Each upper limb has 32 bones: 2 in shoulder, 3 in arm, 8 in wrist,
19 in hand and fingers.
~ Each lower limb has 31 bones: 1 in hip (one side of pelvis), 4 in
leg, 7 in ankle, 19 in foot and toes
FUNCTION:
1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Storage of minerals
5. Production of blood cells
PARTS OF THE BONE:
A. PERIOSTEUM - living membrane covering bone
B. SPONGY BONE- tissue with many spaces,
located at end of long bones & in middle of flat
bones - gives strength without adding mass.
C. COMPACT BONE - very dense, located in shafts
of long bones – resists mechanical shock.
D. Marrow - soft tissue that fills some
space in bone
1. Red - produces RBC
2. Yellow - mostly fat cells
CARTILAGE: connective tissue found in many parts of
the body – reduces friction in moveable joints.
TENDONS – connective tissue that
attaches muscle to bone
LIGAMENTS – connective tissue that
attaches bone to bone at joints.
Spongy Bone
Compact Bone
Cartilage
Bone Marrow
Function
a. Muscles contract and shorten
b. Provide motility
c. Move substances through body- heart,
blood vessels & digestion
d. Muscle tone – maintain posture and keep
organs in place.
e. Muscles generate heat when they are worked
THREE TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
Muscle Type
Location in Body
Skeletal
Voluntary
Usually attached to bone; found all
around the body
Smooth
Involuntary
Found in walls of blood vessels &
digestive tract
Cardiac
Involuntary
Only found in heart; has properties of
both skeletal & smooth muscle
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Types of muscles
Skeletal - enables movement of body parts
a. Voluntary
b. Striated
c. Multinuclei
d. Attached to bone
e. Bundled cells
2. Smooth - internal organs
a. Involuntary
b. Not striated
c. Only 1 nucleus per cell
d. Regulates other systems
3. Cardiac - found only in heart
a. Striated
b. Involuntary
c. Can contract
without
nervous
stimluation
HUMAN MUSCULAR SYSTEM

–
•
•
Interaction of Muscles, Bones, and Nerves:
Nerves cells communicate with muscle fibers,
causing them to contract and do work.
Skeletal muscles attach to bone by tendons and
are found in pairs. When one contracts, the
opposite muscle relaxes, creating strength and
flexibility.
When a muscle contracts, its length gets shorter.
When it relaxes, it gets longer.
Consists of: brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense
organs
Sense Organs: Eyes, Skin, Ears, Nose & Tongue
Main Function:
This communication
system controls and
coordinates functions
throughout the body and
responds to internal and
external stimuli.
Our nervous
system allows
us to feel pain.
A nerve is an organ
containing a bundle
of nerve cells called
neurons.
Neurons carry
electrical messages
called impulses
throughout the
body.
Picture shows hundreds of
severed neuron axons
Because neurons never touch, chemical
signalers called neurotransmitters must
travel through the space called synapse
between two neurons.
Neurotransmitters (pink
spheres)
The message is
transferred
when
RECEPTORS
receive
neurotransmitters.
Synapse (gap)
PARTS OF A NEURON
1.
Cell body: contains nucleus & most of the
cytoplasm
2.
Dendrites: projections that bring impulses into
the neuron to the cell body.
3.
Axon: long projection that carries impulses away
from cell body
1
2
3
Sensory Neuron
Interneuro
Synapse
n
Synapse
Interneuron
Motor
Neuron
Motor Neuron
Synapse
Sensory
Neuron
Muscle
Contracts
A reflex is an
involuntary
response that is
processed in the
spinal cord not
the brain.
Reflexes protect
the body before
the brain knows
what is going on.
Reflex Arc
Consists of: Brain and Spinal Cord
Cerebrum
brai
n
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Spinal Cord
Cerebrum
Voluntary or conscious activities of
the body-learning, judgment
Cerebellum
Coordinates and balances the
actions of the muscles
Medulla Oblongata
(Brain Stem)
Spinal Cord
Controls involuntary actions like
blood pressure, heart rate,
breathing, and swallowing
The main communications link
between the brain and the rest of
the body
Consists of: Sensory
division and Motor
division
-includes all sensory
neurons, motor
neurons, and sense
organs

Main Function:
It releases hormones into the blood to signal other
cells to behave in certain ways. It is a slow but
widespread form of communication.
PITUITARY GLAND
Function: It secretes nine
hormones that control all other
endocrine glands.
-produces human growth
hormone
- Disorders: Too much growth
hormone can result in a
condition called gigantism.
Robert
THYROID GLAND
 Hormone:
Thyroxin
 Function: plays a major role in the regulation the
body’s metabolism.
 Disorders:
Hyperthyroidism-too much thyroxin; fast metabolism
Hypothyroidism- too little thyroxin; slow metabolism
PANCREAS
 Function:
Produces
insulin to keep the blood
sugar level constant.
 Disorders:
Diabetes
disease in which the
pancreas fails to produce
insulin or the body does
not properly use Insulin
ADRENAL GLAND

Functions:
-The adrenal glands
release Adrenaline in the
body that helps prepare
for and deal with stress.
-Also regulates kidney
function.
OVARIES
Functions:
 Pair
of reproductive organs found in
women that produce eggs.
 Also secrete estrogen and
progesterone, which control ovulation
and menstruation.
TESTES

Functions:
 Pair
of reproductive glands that
produces sperm.
 Also secrete Testosterone to give the
body its masculine characteristics.
INTERACTION OF GLANDS
The brain and glands work
together to maintain
homeostasis through a process
called negative and positive
feedback mechanisms
. The feedback the brain gets is
from the information it collects
as the hypothalamus monitors
the bloodstream.
Using this information, the brain
knows what hormones to start
and stop releasing.
INTERACTION OF GLANDS
The feedback the brain gets is
from the information it collects
as the hypothalamus monitors
the bloodstream.
Using this information, the
brain knows what hormones
to start and stop releasing.
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
MALE & FEMALE ANATOMY
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: A
system that produces haploid
sex cells called gametes ( egg &
sperm)
The male:
Male reproductive system
Urethra
TESTES: the male organs that produce sperm
cells and the hormone Testosterone responsible
for secondary male characteristics such as facial
hair, deepening of voice, broad shoulders.
Located
inside a sac
called the
scrotum
EPIDIDYMIS
TESTIS
SCROTUM
SCROTUM: located
outside the body
-protects the testes
- keeps them slightly
cooler than body
temperature
- important for sperm
cell development &
survival.
VAS DEFERENS:
A duct that
transports sperm
from the epididymis
to the ejaculatory
duct & urethra. It is
the structure that is
cut during a
vasectomy.
PROSTATE GLAND: one of many glands and vesicles
that produce seminal fluid.s.
SPERM:
head
Middle
section
Tail
(flagellum)
Small, motile gametes
produced in the testes
and used for
reproduction - ~ 700
million produced each
day
PENIS: (surrounds the urethra)
Made of spongy erectile tissue that
expands when filled with blood.
Propels semen (containing sperm,
fructose & other fluids made by the
prostate gland) during ejaculation.
Semen also cleanses the urethra
Male reproductive system
Urethra
Reproductive system - female
The female reproductive system:
Fallopian Tubes
Ovary
Ovary
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Labia
The ovary:
The female organ that usually
releases one ovum (egg) a
month
Contains about 400,000
follicles which is where the egg
develops and matures.
Produces the hormones estrogen and progesterone –
give females their secondary sex characteristics such
as soft voice, breasts, pubic hair…..
Fallopian tubes:
Pathway through which an egg travels to
the uterus.
Fertilization occurs here.
Structure that
is cut/tied
during a tubal
ligation.
Uterus:
Muscular,
pear-shaped
organ where
the fetus
develops.
Cervix
connects
the uterus to
the vagina
Inner layer called the endometrium where
fertilized egg plants itself.
Vagina:
* Tube shaped organ that opens to the
outside of the body
* Receives the penis during
intercourse - it is also
where sperm enters.
* Serves as the birth canal
where the baby exits the
body.
Immune System
THE MAIN FUNCTION- protects
the body from pathogens (sickness).
Also to distinguish “self” cells from
“non-self” cells.
WHAT IS A PATHOGEN?
Any virus,
bacteria or
parasite that
causes
infectious
disease.
HOW ARE DISEASES TRANSMITTED?
The immune system has two main defenses:
Non-specific
(first & second line) defenses:
- Skin (inc. hair and nails, body secretions…)
- Inflammatory Response (Inflammation, fever,
itching caused by Histamines)
Specific
(third line) defenses:
- Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity
Non-Specific Defenses:
(1st line of defense):
Skin: include nails and
hair,
Body Secretions:
mucous, tears, sweat
and saliva
Body Openings:
mouth, nose, pores
Second Line of Non-specific Defense:
Inflammation: (called the Inflammatory
Response) a reaction to tissue that is
damaged caused by injury or infection.
Chemicals called histamines are released
signaling macrophages to come and kill
the pathogen that is trying to spread into
the body.
Redness &
Fever: an increase in the swelling
body’s core temperature.
Steps of inflammatory response
See p. 1037 - book
SPECIFIC DEFENSES: 3RD LINE OF DEFENSE
There
are 2 main specific defenses:
Humoral Immunity and Cell-mediated
Immunity.
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
Fight pathogens in body fluids
Involves B cells and antibodies (Y-shaped
proteins) which mark specific antigens for
destruction. Some B cells become
memory B cells.
B-cell
Plasma B-cells
Helper B Cells
Lysis
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
White blood cells (T-lymphocytes) directly
attack harmful cells.
In cell-mediated immunity, Helper T cells
bind to infected cells to signal Killer T cells to
come and attack the infected cells. The Killer T
cells can kill the infected cell along with the
Pathogen by destroying (lysing) the membrane
of the cell.
There are 3 kinds of T-cells...
Killer T-cells...Helper T-cells...and
Suppressor T-cells
Killer T-cells
recognize and
kill infected
cells.
Helper T-cells
call in more
Killer T-cells
to kill germs,
and tell the
B-cells
when to make
antibodies
The
Suppressor
T-cell tells
the B-cells
when the
body can
stop making
antibodies.
Lymphatic System: Stores, circulates & produces WBC.
Lymph: fluid that
collects in lymphatic
capillaries and slowly
flows into larger lymph
vessels.
Lymph Vessels:
structures that contain
valves to keep lymph
from flowing
backwards.
Lymph Nodes: small
beanlike structures
that act as filters
trapping bacteria and
other microorganisms
Tonsils filter & destroy bacteria while
lymph is returned via ducts.
The thymus secretes a hormone that
helps the WBC mature.
The spleen filters dead red blood
cells
Tonsils
Thymus Gland
Spleen
Lymph Nodes
Lymph Vessels