Transcript circulatory and respiratory systems

Homework- 12C
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• Chapter 30.1
– Read
– Outline
– Answer FAQ’s pg 855 (#1-6)
30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
Do Now:
Breathing is the result of the close coordination of
the respiratory and circulatory systems…
What is it like to hold your breath for any length of time?
Explain what impulses you feel or how your body reacts
when forced to hold your breath.
30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
SLO:
You should be able to describe the respiratory system
and its functions as well as describe the circulatory
system and its functions
Essential Question:
How do the respiratory and circulatory systems bring
oxygen and nutrients to all cells and maintain
homeostasis?
30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
Vocabulary:
circulatory system
respiratory system
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
lungs
alveoli
diaphragm
heart
artery
vein
capillary
30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
Anticipatory Set.
The record for holding one’s breath, which is a state called
apnea, is close to nine minutes. To achieve this, one has
to slow the heartbeat considerably. Apnea leads to low
levels of oxygen, which can produce hypoxia. The body
diverts oxygen from the hands and feet to vital organs,
usually causing a person to lose consciousness.
30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
• The respiratory system is where gas exchange occurs.
– picks up oxygen from inhaled air
– expels carbon dioxide and water
pharynx
sinus
nose
esophagus
mouth
epiglottis
trachea
lungs
esophagus
30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
The respiratory system moves gases into and out of the blood.
• The lungs contain the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
• Millions of alveoli give the lungs a huge surface area.
• The alveoli absorb oxygen from the air you inhale.
trachea
alveoli
bronchiole
• Breathing involves the diaphragm and muscles of the rib
cage.
• Air flows from areas of high pressure to low pressure.
Air inhaled.
Air exhaled.
Muscles and
rib cage relax.
Muscles contract and
rib cage expands.
Diaphragm flattens
and moves downward.
PRESSURE INSIDE THE LUNGS IS LOWER THAN
PRESSURE OUTSIDE THE LUNGS
Diaphragm relaxes
and rises.
PRESSURE INSIDE THE LUNGS IS HIGHER
THAN PRESSURE OUTSIDE THE LUNGS
Respiratory System
GAS EXCHANGES
capillary
alveolus
Co2 diffuses
into alveolus.
co2
o2
O2 diffuses
into blood.
Video on Respiration
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2OcGgJbiUk
30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to
bring oxygen and nutrients to the cells and maintain
homeostasis.
• The circulatory system transports
blood and other materials.
– brings supplies to cells
– carries away wastes
– separates oxygen-poor and
oxygen-rich blood
Oxygen-rich blood
ARTERIES
Oxygen-poor blood
VEINS
HEART
CAPILLARIES
The circulatory system moves blood to all parts of the
body.
• The system includes the heart,
arteries, veins, and capillaries.
– heart pumps blood throughout body
– arteries move blood away from
heart
– veins move blood back to heart
– capillaries get blood to and from
cells
arteries
veins
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• There are three major functions of the circulatory system.
– transporting blood, gases, nutrients
– collecting waste materials
– maintaining body temperature
Independent Practice: Using your online Biology textbook,
answer the following questions.
1. Apply When you stand up after lying down, why do
your heart rate and breathing rate increase?
2. Predict How might damaged alveoli affect the oxygen
level in the blood?
3. Infer If a person has a weak heart, how might his or her
ability to maintain a stable body temperature be
affected?
Exit Ticket
Follow the path of oxygen in the pulmonary system
system beginning with inhalation from the nose/mouth to the
lung and ending with exhalation from the lung back to the
nose/mouth.
You must include all structures involved in sequence.
Homework 12C
30.2 Read and Answer FAQ’s
30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
Do Now.
Using your research skills, use your lap tops to investigate
the question that follows.
Nearly every winter, newspapers carry stories of people
killed by carbon monoxide (CO) gas in their homes. This
colorless, odorless gas escapes from leaks in furnaces
that burn fossil fuels.
What makes CO so deadly?
30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
Anticipatory Set.
What makes CO so deadly?
Your body readily absorbs it into the blood, which means
less O2 is absorbed. Within a short time, your cells become
oxygen starved. You must quickly get to an area where you
can breathe fresh air.
30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
SLO:
You should be able to summarize gas exchange in the
lungs and describe how respiratory diseases
interfere with gas exchange.
Essential Question:
How does the respiratory
system exchange oxygen
and carbon dioxide?
30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
Vocabulary:
red blood cell
hemoglobin
emphysema
asthma
trachea
30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
• Oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried by the blood to and
from the alveoli.
– oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillary
– oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells
– carbon dioxide difuses from capillary into alveoli
GAS EXCHANGES
ALVEOLI
capillary
alveolus
Co2 diffuses
into alveolus.
co2
o2
capillaries
O2 diffuses
into blood.
30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
Respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange.
Lung diseases reduce airflow and oxygen absorption.
1) Emphysema destroys alveoli
− occurs when the air sacs in your
lungs are gradually destroyed
− turns the spherical air sacs into
large, irregular pockets with gaping
holes in their inner walls
− reduces the surface area of the
lungs and, in turn, the amount of
oxygen that reaches your bloodstream
− makes ppl progressively more short
of breath
− smoking is the leading cause of
emphysema.
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
The surface of a cell, its membrane, is the site of exchange between its interior and its
external environment. This surface must allow sufficient exchange to support the contents
of the cell. As these cubes illustrate the surface area to volume ratio of a small object is
larger than that of a large object of similar shape. This ratio limits how large cells can be.
Respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange.
• Emphysema- leading cause is smoking.
– Over time, many alveoli are destroyed.
– Gradual reduction of the surface area for gas exchange.
– Prevention = refrain from smoking.
– No cure
30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
• Smoking is the leading cause of lung diseases.
30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
Respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange.
– Asthma constricts airways.
Independent Practice: Using your online Biology textbook,
answer the following questions.
1. Predict How might a sudden rise in CO2 in the blood
affect the gas exchange process?
2. Analyze How does the alveoli’s structure relate to the
function of gas exchange?
3. Synthesize How does smoking affect gas exchange?
Exit Ticket
Utilizing your technology skills research another lung
disease/disorder besides asthma and emphysema.
List the….
1) Name of the disease
2) Cause of the disease (etiology)
3) Effect that it has on the body (symptoms)
4) Treatments
30.3 The Heart and Circulation
Do Now:
What is the difference between an open circulatory
systems and closed circulatory system? Why is a closed
system required for vertebrates, such as
humans?
30.3 The Heart and Circulation
SLO:
You should be able to describe the structure and function
of the heart as well as contrast pulmonary and systemic
circulation.
Essential Question:
How does the heart move
the blood through the
two physiological
pathways?
The total length of all the capillaries
in an adult human is approximately
40,000 km (about 25,000 mi).
• Blood vessels in a blue whale are so
wide that a full-grown trout could
swim through them.
30.3 The Heart and Circulation
Vocabulary:
Inferior vena cava
superior vena cava
atrium (R&L)
ventricle (R&L)
tricuspid valve
mitral valve
semilunar valves
pacemaker
pulmonary valve
aortic valve
pulmonary circulation
systemic circulation
30.3 The Heart and Circulation
Do Now: Review homework questions.
1. Analyze The left ventricle is the largest chamber of the
heart. How is its size related to its function?
2. Critical Viewing If the valves in the right ventricle do not
close properly, where in the body might circulation be
affected the most?
3. Infer Why is it important to have two separate
pathways for circulation?
30.3 The Heart and Circulation
Anticipatory Set.
A defect in the heart can cause an irregular heart rhythm, or arrhythmia.
In some cases, the atrial and ventricular contractions get badly out of sync.
Any uncoordinated contraction of muscle fibers that prevents the smooth
contraction of a muscle is called fibrillation. With the contractions of
the heart muscles out of phase, the heart can no longer pump blood,
circulation stops, and brain death occurs.
By exposing the heart to a strong electric shock, the heart can in
effect “reboot” and reestablish a normal rhythm. This process is called
defibrillation.
30.3 The Heart and Circulation
The tissues and structures of the heart make it an
efficient pump.
• Cardiac muscle tissue works continuously without tiring.
NORMAL HUMAN HEART
CARDIAC muscle
MUSCLE
30.3 The Heart and Circulation
• The heart has four chambers: two atria, two ventricles.
• Valves in each chamber prevent backflow of blood.
pulmonary valve
aortic valve
left atrium
right atrium
mitral valve
left ventricle
tricuspid
right ventricle
septum
• Muscles squeeze the chambers in a powerful pumping
action.
30.3 The Heart and Circulation
• The heartbeat consists of two contractions.
– Sinoatrial (SA) node, or pacemaker, stimulates atria to
contract
– Atrioventricular (AV) node stimulates ventricles to
aorta
contract
pulmonary artery
superior vena cava
aortic valve
left atrium
pulmonary valve
pulmonary veins
SA node
mitral valve
right atrium
AV node
left ventricle
tricuspid
inferior vena cava
• Blood flows through the heart in a specific pathway.
1
3
2
4
Circulation Video
• http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/healthtopics/topics/hhw/contraction.html
30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
• Blood flows through the heart in a specific pathway.
– oxygen-poor blood enters right atrium, then right
ventricle
– right ventricle pumps blood to lungs
– oxygen-rich blood from lungs enters left atrium, then left
ventricle
– left ventricle pumps blood to body
The heart pumps blood through two main pathways.
• Pulmonary circulation occurs between the heart and the
lungs.
– oxygen-poor blood enters lungs
– excess carbon dioxide and water
expelled
– blood picks up oxygen
– oxygen-rich blood returns to heart
30.3 The Heart and Circulation
• Systemic circulation occurs between the heart and the rest
of the body.
– oxygen-rich blood goes to organs,
extremities
– oxygen-poor blood returns to
heart
• The two pathways help maintain a
stable body temperature.
30.4 Blood Vessels & Transport
Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport blood to all parts
of the body.
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
– blood under great pressure
– thicker, more muscular walls
endothelium
smooth muscle
connective tissue
ARTERY
VEIN
CAPILLARIES
arteriole
valve
venule
• Veins carry blood back to the heart.
– blood under less pressure
– thinner walls, larger diameter
– valves prevent backflow
endothelium
smooth muscle
connective tissue
ARTERY
VEIN
CAPILLARIES
arteriole
val
ve
venule
• Capillaries move blood between veins, arteries, and cells.
endothelium
smooth muscle
connective tissue
ARTERY
VEIN
CAPILLARIES
arteriole
valve
venule
• Blood pressure is a measure of the force of blood pushing
against artery walls.
– systolic pressure:
left ventricle
contracts
– diastolic pressure:
left ventricle
relaxes
• High blood pressure can precede a heart attack or stroke.
Lifestyle plays a key role in circulatory diseases.
• Some choices lead to an increased risk of circulatory
diseases.
– smoking
– long-term stress
– excessive weight
– lack of exercise
– diet low in fruits
and vegetables,
high in saturated
fats
• Circulatory diseases affect mainly the heart and the
arteries.
– artery walls become thick and inflexible
– plaque blocks blood flow in arteries
Checking for Understanding
• What do veins rely on to maintain blood flow in one
direction?
• If you were to puncture an artery of a living human being,
what do expect will happen? Why? Will the same thing
occur if you puncture a vein?
• Why don’t arteries need valves to keep blood circulating?
• Why do you think that blood moving from the heart to the
lungs must be carried by an artery and not by a vein?
• What are long distance truck drivers/pilots at risk of due
to their extended time spent sitting. Explain how this is
related to the structures of our veins.
• How can lifestyle choices affect the function of the
arteries?