The Human Respiratory System
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Transcript The Human Respiratory System
The Human
Respiratory
System
HUMAN RESPIRATORY
STRUCTURES
• Nose/mouth: filters,
moistens, warms
•
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Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea – mucus, cilia
2 lungs
– 2 bronchi
– Bronchioles
– Alveoli
• Site of exchange
• Thin walls, lots-ocapillaries
• Large # S.A.
• A thin layer of
mucus is produced
on the lining of the
tubes of the
respiratory system
This thin layer traps
particles of dust or
smoke
These tubes are lined
with CILIA that sweep
away particles
• These tubes are
made of cartilage
and are surrounded
by smooth muscle
CILIA
ALVEOLI
• Small structures at the end of each
bronchiole
• Occur in clusters
• Place where gas exchange occurs
– Oxygen into blood, carbon dioxide into lung
– Each is surrounded by capillaries
• 300 million alveoli are in each healthy lung
– Provides a large surface area for gas exchange
• Oxygen dissolves in the moisture
– It can then diffuse into the capillaries
– CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction
– Coated in surfactant
HEMOGLOBIN binds with so much oxygen
that it increases the oxygen carryingcapacity of the blood more than 60 times
RECAP
• Name the structures of the respiratory
system
• Where does gas exchange occur?
• http://www.airinfonow.org/html/lungattack/l
ungplay.htm
• Next: What is the difference between
respiration and breathing?
Breathing
• Breathing is the movement of
air into and out of the lungs
• Lungs sit in two sacs = pleural
membranes
• At the bottom of the chest cavity
is the diaphragm
• Between ribs are intercostal
muscles
Force that drives breathing is air
pressure
– No muscles are directly
connected to the lungs
Volume
If you have a container of gas,
how will the pressure change if you make
the container smaller?
Make it larger?
• When you inhale,
the diaphragm
contracts and
expands the
volume of the
chest cavity
• Because the chest
cavity is tightly
sealed, this
creates a partial
vacuum inside the
cavity
• Air rushes into the
lungs as a result
Inhaling
Exhaling
• Exhaling is a passive event
• Diaphragm relaxes and lungs return to
normal size, placing pressure on the lungs
– Air rushes out of the lungs
78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
0.03% Carbon
Dioxide
Partial Pressure: “Concentration of
Gas”
1) Volume: If you have a container of gas, how
will the pressure change if you make the
container smaller? Make it larger?
– Bulk Flow ~ Breathing
2) Total atmospheric pressure = 760mmHg
– Oxygen is 21% of this, therefore = 159mmHg
• O2 air > O2 alveoli > O2 blood > O2 cells
• 159mmHg 100mmHg
40mmHg 40mmHg
(exchange to 100mmHg)
– Diffusion
RECAP
• What causes breathing?
• What muscles are involved with
breathing?
– Are they attached to the lungs?
• What controls your breathing?
Breathing Control
• Breathing is voluntary to a point, then it
becomes involuntary
• Nervous system will take over
– Sensory receptors in major blood vessels
detect amount of carbon dioxide in blood
• b/c pH will change
– Message goes to medulla oblongata in the
brain
– If the level of carbon dioxide gets too high, the
diaphragm will contract
Hb + 4O2 “HbO”
Oxygen in Blood
• 98.5% is bound to Hb
• 1.5% dissolved in plasma
Carbon Dioxide in Blood
• 60% dissolves in H2O (as
H2CO3)
• 30% binds to Hb
• 10% dissolves in plasma
Carbon Monoxide
• Hb affinity 200 X’s stronger
• irreversible
REGULATION of pH
• Normal plasma pH = 7.4 (Range: 7.35 7.45)
CO2 + H20
H2CO3
H+
+
HCO3Waste product
of metabolism
Always
Present
Converted to
Waste product
Buffer
Products on
of metabolism
LEFT by
Carbonic Anhydrase
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Expelled by
Adjusted in kidney
Lung
Or Rxts w/Bicarb. R.
Or Rxts w/H+ on L.
The exchange
• http://www.airinfonow.org/html/lungattack/lungplay
.htm
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•
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What can go wrong?
http://www.hisdbenefits.org/hisd/living/animations/
List of animations for respiratory disorders
http://in.truveo.com/Human-AtlasEmphysema/id/1459776665
• Similar animations, better quality
Breathing Quiz:
Is it inhalation or exhalation?
• Diaphragm
Contracts
• Intercostal
Muscles relax
• Chest Cavity
increases in size
• Pressure in cavity
decreases
• Air rushes out of
lungs
• Diaphragm relaxes
• Intercostal
muscles contract
• Volume of chest
cavity decreased
• Pressure inside
greater
• Air rushes in and
inflates lungs