Transcript Human Body Notes Website

Unit 8: Human Body
Levels of Organization
8.0 The cell is the smallest level of
organization.
8.1 Tissue: is a group of similar cells that work
together. Example: Muscle Tissue
8.2 Organ: is a group of two or more types of
tissue that work together.
Examples: Brain, Lung, Heart
8.3 Organ System: is a group of organs that
work together. Example: Digestive system
includes mouth, stomach, and intestines to
break down food.
8.4 The Body Systems: Skin, Skeletal,
Muscular, Digestive, Respiratory,
Circulatory, Excretory, Nervous, and
Reproductive
8.5 Types of Animal Tissue
1. Epithelial Tissue: the skin that covers
the outside of most animals.
2. Nerve Tissue: this tissue sends
electrical signals through the body.
3. Muscle Tissue: this tissue lets animals
move, run, jump, swim, and wiggle.
4. Connective Tissue: this tissue joins
body parts together.
Examples: Tendons, Fat, Blood
The Skin System
8.6 The Functions of the Skin System:
1. Protection from germs, water loss,
bumps, U.V. rays
2. Cooling by evaporation
3. Fat…food storage, insulation from cold.
8.7 Epidermis: New growth moves to the
surface in 3 weeks. Old growth dies and
sheds.
8.8 Sebaceous Glands: Secretes oil to
waterproof skin and soften hair. Acne
infections occur when too much oil is
produced.
8.9 Melanin (Skin pigmentation): The
more melanin..the darker your skin will
become. Melanin protects your skin
from the harmful effects of U.V. Rays
which cause sunburn and skin cancer.
Label Skin Diagram
The Skeletal System
8.10 Skeletal System: is the framework of
bones that supports the body, protects
internal organs, and anchors all the body’s
movement.
8.11 Functions of the Skeletal System:
1. Framework for support and muscle
attachments.
2. Produces White Blood Cells (WBC) and
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
3. Protection of the internal organs
8.12 Axial Skeleton: is the center part of
the skeleton that includes the skull,
spinal column, and the ribs. This part of
the skeleton provides support and
protection.
8.13 Appendicular Skeleton: includes the
arms, legs, and other bones that work to
let the body move.
8.14 Bones are made of living tissue made up
of cells and minerals such as calcium.
8.15 Bones are not completely solid. They
have spaces and have blood vessels inside of
them.
8.16 Joints: is a place where 2 bones in the
skeletal system meet. Joints let the body
move.
8.17 Cartilage: is a tough but flexible
connective tissue that connects bones
together.
8.18 Most of the joints in your body move
freely. The bones of movable joints are
separated by a space that contains fluid.
(Think: Cracking your fingers.)
8.19 Moveable joints move in different ways.
Some examples are:
1. Hinge Joint - elbows and knees
2. Pivot Joint - neck and elbow
3. Ball-and-Socket Joint - shoulder / hip
8.20 Immovable Joints: lock bones together
with no space and the bones do not move.
Example: Cranium
Muscular System
8.21 Muscular System: is the system of all the
muscles in your body. There are about 656
muscles in your body.
8.22 The Functions of the Muscular System:
1. Movement
2. Maintaining Body Temperature
3. Maintaining Posture
Different Types of Muscles
8.23 Skeletal Muscle: the muscle tissue that
is attached to bones in the body that
controls movement.
8.24 Smooth Muscle: is a type of muscle that
attaches to organs in your body and it
works without your control.
Example: Stomach / Intestines Smooth muscle pushes food.
8.25 Cardiac Muscle: is the muscle cells that
contract together to make your heart beat
and move without your control.
8.26 Ligaments: is a tissue that connects
bones to bones.
8.27 Tendon: is a tissue that connects skeletal
muscle to bone.
8.28 When a muscle contracts, it pulls on a
tendon. The tendon then pulls on a bone
and makes it move.
8.29 Muscles can only pull.
8.30 Exercise causes muscles to get bigger
and stronger.
8.31 Muscle can become damaged. A muscle
can be stretched too much or even torn.
Over time the body will heal the damaged
muscle.
Example: Pulled muscles can occur
when a person doesn‘t stretch
before sports.
8.32 Muscles normally occur in pairs.
1. Flexor: Bends joints
2. Extensors: Straightens Joints
Example: Biceps are a flexor and triceps are
an extensor.
The Nervous System
8.33 Neurons: nerve cells that send signals.
8.34 Central Nervous System: Brain and
Spinal Cord
8.35 Peripheral Nervous System: The rest
of the body’s nerves
The Brain
8.36 Cerebrum: The thinking center of
the brain. (memory, planning,
calculating, consciousness)
8.37 Cerebellum: The coordination center for
muscles. (Balance, Sports)
8.38 Medulla: The autonomic (automatic)
control center. (Breathing, heart beat,
digestion)
Draw and Label the Brain.
How to have a Better Brain
1.
2.
3.
4.
Have a daily sleep schedule (8 hours)
Daily Exercise (jogging, walking, sports)
Brain needs exercise. (puzzles, reading)
Foods high in carbohydrates (rice, bread,
potatoes). These foods provide glucose,
energy for the brain.
5. Eat Breakfast
6. Be careful of your caffeine intake. Caffeine
causes your brain and body to fight with
one another.
7. No Drugs and Alcohol. They kill brain cells
and destroy memory.
8. Protect your brain when playing dangerous
sports by wearing a helmet.
Circulatory System
8.39 Circulatory System: a collection of organs
that transport blood throughout the body.
8.40 Heart: a muscular organ the size of your fist
that pumps blood through blood vessels.
(2,500 gallons each day)
Circulatory System
8.41 Atrium: upper chamber of the heart
8.42 Ventricle: lower chamber of the heart
Circulatory System
8.43 Valves: flaplike structures found between
the atria and ventricles; prevent blood from
going backwards
Circulatory System
8.44 Artery: a blood vessel that carries blood
away from the heart.
8.45 Vein: blood vessels that carries blood back
to the heart with 1-way valves.
Circulatory System
8.46 Capillary: tiny blood vessels that allows
exchanges between body cells and blood
(Food, oxygen, CO2, Waste)
Circulatory System
8.47 Blood: the fluid that carries gases,
nutrients, and wastes through the body and
that is made of platelets, white blood cells,
red blood cells, and plasma.
Circulatory System
8.48 Blood Pressure: the force that blood exerts
on the walls of the arteries
Circulatory System
8.49 Blood Plasma: the liquid part of the blood
(mostly water) that wastes and digested food.
Circulatory System
8.50 Red Blood Cells (RBC): carries oxygen to all
cells
8.51 White Blood Cells (WBC): fights bacteria and
viruses
Respiratory System
8.52 Respiratory System: the
group of organs that take in
oxygen and get rid of carbon
dioxide
8.53 Respiration: process by
which a body gains and uses
oxygen and gets rid of
carbon dioxide and water
Respiratory System
8.54 Pharynx: the passage from
the mouth to the larynx and
esophagus
8.55 Larynx: the area of the
throat that contains the
vocal cords and produces
sound
8.56 Trachea: the tube that
connects the larynx to the
lungs
Respiratory System
8.57 Bronchi: one of the tubes
that connect the lungs with
the trachea
8.58 Alveoli: any of the tiny air
sacs of the lungs where
oxygen and carbon dioxide
are exchanged
Human Digestive System
8.59 Mouth: digestion begins with chewing
and saliva breaking down starches.
8.60 Stomach: muscular contractions with
release of digestive juices and hydrochloric
acid digest food.
8.61 Small Intestine: absorbs
digested food through villi.
8.62 Large Intestine (Colon):
absorbs water from wastes
forming feces. Bacteria live
off some of wastes.
8.63 Rectum: stores the fecal
material before it leaves
through the anus.
8.64 Liver: produces
bile that is used to
break down fats and
filters body poisons
(like alcohol).
8.65 Pancreas:
produces digestive
juices and insulin
(controls blood
sugar)
8.66 A meal takes about
15 hours to travel from
the mouth to the
rectum, stopping in the
stomach for 3-5 hours.
8.67 A stomach can hold
as much as 3 pints of
food.
The Eye / Ear System
Questions:
Facts:
The Ear
8.68 Outer Ear: is the part of your
ear outside your skull, the ear
canal, and the eardrum.
8.69 Middle Ear: is a space filled
with air. It contains 3 tiny
connected bones, vibrations
move the bones.
8.70 Inner Ear: Contains the
semicircular canals and cochlea
that sense movement and send
signals to your brain.
8.71 Eardrum: thin membrane that vibrates
when sound waves strike it.
8.72 Eustacian Tube: equalizes pressure
between the middle ear and the outside air.
8.73 Cochlea: a tube filled with fluid and lined with
tiny hairs that pick up sound vibrations and send
signals on to the brain.
8.74 Semi-circular canals: maintains balance
The Eye
8.75 Cornea: clear window
that protects the eye.
8.76 Pupil: opening that light
travels through to the inside
of the eye.
8.77 Iris: controls the pupil
opening. In bright light the
iris closes, in dim light the
iris opens.
8.78 Lens: Focuses light rays onto the retina. Muscles
change the focus for seeing objects up close or far away.
8.79 Retina: Contains the photoreceptors
(rods and cones)
8.80 Rods: Black and White (night vision)
8.81 Cones: Color
8.82 Optic Nerve: carries signals from the eye to the brain.