Transcript Document
Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function Chapter 40 Jay Swan Cincinnati, Ohio Anatomy & Physiology • Anatomy – Biological form • Physiology – Biological function • Why do animals have such various appearances when they have such similar demands placed on them? Physical constraints • Water – Shapes of animals that are swimmers – Why streamlined? • Size – Size of skeleton – Size of muscles – Relation to speed of organism Exchange with the environment Rate of exchange proportional to surface area Amount of materials that must be exchanged is proportional to volume Differences in unicellular vs. multicellular organisms Interstitial fluid Fig. 40-4 External environment CO2 Food O2 Mouth Respiratory system 0.5 cm 50 µm Animal body Lung tissue Nutrients Heart Cells Circulatory system 10 µm Interstitial fluid Digestive system Excretory system Lining of small intestine Kidney tubules Anus Unabsorbed matter (feces) Metabolic waste products (nitrogenous waste) Hierarchical Organization Cells Hierarchical Organization Cells Tissues Hierarchical Organization Cells Tissues Organs Hierarchical Organization Cells Tissues Organs Organ System Digestive Immune Reproductive Muscular Circulatory Excretory Nervous Integumentary Respiratory Endocrine Skeletal Hierarchical Organization Cells Tissues Organs Organ System Digestive Circulatory Respiratory Immune Excretory Endocrine Reproductive Nervous Skeletal Muscular Integumentary Organism Epithelial Tissue Sheets of tightly packed cells Cells joined tightly together with little material between them Functions Protection Absorption or secretion of chemicals Lining of organs Free surface Exposed to air or fluid Basement membrane Extracellular matrix that cells at base of barrier are attached Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Simple squamous epithelium Connective Tissue • Cells spread out scattered through extracellular matrix – Substances secreted by connective tissue cells – Web of fibers embedded in foundation • Structure – Protein • Function – Bind and support other cells • Fibroblasts – Secrete protein of extracellular fibers • Macrophages – Engulf bacteria & dead cells – Defense Fig. 40-5c Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Loose Collagenous fiber connective tissue Cartilage Elastic fiber Chondroitin sulfate Nuclei Fat droplets Adipose tissue Osteon 150 µm Fibrous connective tissue 30 µm 100 µm 120 µm Chondrocytes White blood cells Blood 55 µm 700 µm Bone Central canal Plasma Red blood cells Muscle Tissue Contract when stimulated Contractile proteins Actin & myosin Skeletal muscle Voluntary muscle Striated Cardiac muscle Heart Striated, intercalated discs Involuntary Smooth muscle No striations Lines walls of organs Involuntary Fig. 40-5j Muscle Tissue Multiple nuclei Muscle fiber Sarcomere Skeletal muscle Nucleus 100 µm Intercalated disk 50 µm Cardiac muscle Nucleus Smooth muscle Muscle fibers 25 µm Nervous Tissue Receives stimulus and transmits signals Glial cells Nourish, insulate, replenish neurons Neuron Nerve cell Cell body with 2 or more extensions Axons Transmit signals Dendrites Receive signals Fig. 40-5n Nervous Tissue 40 µm Dendrites Cell body Glial cells Axon Neuron Axons Blood vessel 15 µm Coordination and Control in Animals • Endocrine System – Signaling molecules in bloodstream – Coordinates gradual changes • Growth, development, reproduction, digestion – Hormones • Only picked up by cells with the correct receptors • Slow acting but long lasting Coordination and Control in Animals • Endocrine System – Signaling molecules in bloodstream – Coordinates gradual changes • Growth, development, reproduction, digestion – Hormones • Only picked up by cells with the correct receptors • Slow acting but long lasting • Nervous System – Impulse travels along target cell only – Transmission is very fast and short lasting – Immediate response • Locomotion, behavior Homeostasis • Negative feedback – Change in environment triggers control mechanism to turn off stimulus – Prevent small changes to become big problems – Most body processes • Sweating Homeostasis • Negative feedback – Change in environment triggers control mechanism to turn off stimulus – Prevent small changes to become big problems – Most body processes • Sweating • Positive feedback – Change in environment triggers control mechanism to increase stimulus – Childbirth Fig. 40-UN1 Homeostasis Response/effector Stimulus: Perturbation/stress Control center Sensor/receptor Thermoregulation • Five general adaptations help animals thermoregulate: – Insulation – Circulatory adaptations – Cooling by evaporative heat loss – Behavioral responses – Adjusting metabolic heat production Fig. 40-12 Canada goose Bottlenose dolphin Blood flow Artery Vein Vein Artery 35ºC 33º 30º 27º 20º 18º 10º 9º Metabolic Rate Amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time Measured in calories or Joules Calculated – heat loss, O2 consumed, CO2 produced, food consumption Metabolic Rate Amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time Measured in calories or Joules Calculated – heat loss, O2 consumed, CO2 produced, food consumption Endothermic Warm-blooded Heat generated by metabolism Requires lots of energy Metabolic Rate Amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time Measured in calories or Joules Calculated – heat loss, O2 consumed, CO2 produced, food consumption Endothermic Warm-blooded Heat generated by metabolism Requires lots of energy Exothermic Cold-blooded Requires less energy Incapable of intense activity for long period of time Fig. 40-17 External environment Animal body Organic molecules in food Digestion and absorption Heat Energy lost in feces Nutrient molecules in body cells Carbon skeletons Cellular respiration Energy lost in nitrogenous waste Heat ATP Biosynthesis Cellular work Heat Heat Fig. 40-20 Annual energy expenditure (kcal/hr) Endotherms Reproduction 800,000 Basal (standard) metabolism Ectotherm Thermoregulation Growth Activity 340,000 4,000 60-kg female human from temperate climate 4-kg male Adélie penguin from Antarctica (brooding) 0.025-kg female deer mouse from temperate North America 8,000 4-kg female eastern indigo snake Metabolic rate (cont) Metabolic rate is inversely proportional to body size Basal metabolic rate Metabolic rate of nongrowing endotherm at rest, empty stomach, no stress Human average = 1600 – 1800 kCal per day for males; 1300-1500 kCal per day for females Standard metabolic rate Metabolic rate of resting, fasting, non-stressed ectotherm Alligator = 60 kCal per day Metabolic Rate (cont) • Maximum metabolic rate = peak activity times • Maximum rate = inversely proportional to duration of activity • Sustained activity depends on ATP supply and respiration rate • Age, sex, size, temperature, quality & quantity of food, activity level, oxygen availability, hormonal balance, time of day all affect metabolic rate Fig. 40-19 103 BMR (L O2/hr) (Iog scale) Elephant Horse 102 Human Sheep 10 Cat Dog 1 10–1 Rat Ground squirrel Shrew Mouse Harvest mouse 10–2 10–3 10–2 10 10–1 1 102 Body mass (kg) (log scale) 103 (a) Relationship of BMR to body size 8 Shrew BMR (L O2/hr) (per kg) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Harvest mouse Mouse Rat Sheep Cat Dog Human Elephant Horse Ground squirrel 0 10–3 10–2 102 10–1 1 10 Body mass (kg) (log scale) 103 (b) Relationship of BMR per kilogram of body mass to body size