Transcript CH05_PPT - iMater Charter Middle/High School

Chapter 5
The Human Body
National EMS Education
Standard Competencies (1 of 2)
Anatomy and Physiology
Uses simple knowledge of the anatomy and
function of the upper airway, heart, vessels,
blood, lungs, skin, muscles, and bones as the
foundation of emergency care.
National EMS Education
Standard Competencies (2 of 2)
Life Span Development
Uses simple knowledge of age-related
differences to assess and care for patients.
Introduction
• You must understand the basic structure
and functions of the human body.
• This knowledge will help you:
– Understand the problem the patient is
experiencing.
– Perform an adequate patient examination.
– Communicate your findings to others.
– Provide appropriate emergency treatment.
Topographic Anatomy (1 of 3)
Topographic Anatomy (2 of 3)
• The standard anatomic position is a person
standing and facing you, with arms at the
sides and thumbs pointing outward.
– Anterior is the front surface of the body.
– Posterior is the back surface of the body.
– The midline refers to an imaginary vertical line
drawn from head to toe that separates the body
into a left half and a right half.
Topographic Anatomy (3 of 3)
• Standard anatomic position (cont’d)
– Medial: closer to the midline of the body
– Lateral: away from the midline
– Proximal: close
– Distal: distant
– Superior: closer to the head
– Inferior: closer to the feet
The Respiratory System (1 of 6)
• Brings oxygen into the body and removes
the waste gas, carbon dioxide
• Structures include:
– Upper airway
– Trachea
– Lungs
– Ribs
– Bronchi
– Diaphragm
The Respiratory System (2 of 6)
The Respiratory System (3 of 6)
• The airway consists of the:
– Nose (nasopharnyx)
– Mouth (oropharynx)
– Throat
– Larynx (voicebox)
– Trachea (windpipe)
– Passages within the lungs
The Respiratory System (4 of 6)
The Respiratory System (5 of 6)
• Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
in alveoli and tissue.
The Respiratory System (6 of 6)
• Air is inhaled
when the
diaphragm and
the chest
muscles
contract.
• Air is exhaled
when these
muscles relax.
The Circulatory System (1 of 8)
• Includes the
heart, which
pumps blood
through a
network of blood
vessels to all
parts of the
body
The Circulatory System (2 of 8)
• Flow of blood
– Blood picks up oxygen in the lungs and goes to
the heart.
– The heart pumps it to the rest of the body.
– The cells absorb oxygen and nutrients from the
blood and release waste products.
– Blood carries the waste back to the lungs and
kidneys.
– In the lungs, the blood exchanges the carbon
dioxide for more oxygen.
The Circulatory System (3 of 8)
The Circulatory System (4 of 8)
• The heart consists of four chambers.
– The chambers work together to pump blood to
the lungs and to the rest of the body.
– Each upper chamber is called an atrium.
– Each lower chamber is called a ventricle.
– One-way check valves allow the blood to flow in
only one direction.
The Circulatory System (5 of 8)
The Circulatory System (6 of 8)
• The arteries carry blood away from the
heart at high pressure and, therefore, have
thick walls.
• There are three major arteries:
– Neck (or carotid) artery
– Groin (or femoral) artery
– Wrist (or radial) artery
The
Circulatory
System (7 of 8)
The Circulatory System (8 of 8)
• The capillaries are the smallest vessels.
• Veins are thin-walled vessels that carry
blood back to the heart.
• Blood has several components:
– Plasma
– Red blood cells
– White blood cells
– Platelets
The Skeletal System (1 of 13)
• The skeletal system consists of bones and
is the supporting framework for the body.
• It has three major functions:
– To support the body
– To protect vital structures
– To manufacture red blood cells
The Skeletal
System (2 of 13)
The Skeletal System (3 of 13)
• The skull
– The bones of the head include the skull
and the lower jawbone.
– The skull consists of many bones fused
together to form a hollow sphere that contains
and protects the brain.
– The jawbone is a movable bone that is attached
to the skull and completes the structure of the
head.
The Skeletal System (4 of 13)
• The spine
– Consists of 33 vertebrae
– The spinal vertebrae are stacked on top of one
another and are held together by:
• Muscles
• Tendons
• Disks
• Ligaments
The Skeletal System (5 of 13)
• The spine (cont’d)
– The spinal cord passes through the hole in the
center of each spinal vertebra
– The spine has five sections:
• Cervical spine (neck)
• Thoracic spine (upper back)
• Lumbar spine (lower back)
• Sacrum (base of spine)
• Coccyx (tailbone)
The Skeletal
System (6 of 13)
The Skeletal System (7 of 13)
• The shoulder girdles
– Each shoulder girdle supports an arm and
consists of three bones:
• Collarbone (clavicle)
• Shoulder blade (scapula)
• Upper arm bone (humerus)
• The upper extremity
– The upper arm has one bone called the
humerus.
The Skeletal System (8 of 13)
• The upper extremity (cont’d)
– The forearm has two bones called the ulna and
the radius.
– The wrist and hand consist of several bones.
• The rib cage
– The 12 sets of ribs protect the heart, lungs,
liver, and spleen.
The Skeletal System (9 of 13)
• The rib cage
(cont’d)
– The sternum is
located in the front
of the chest.
– The xiphoid
process is the
pointed structure
found at the bottom
of the sternum.
The Skeletal System (10 of 13)
• The pelvis
– Serves as the link between the body and the
lower extremities
– Protects the reproductive organs and other
organs located in the lower abdominal cavity
• The lower extremity
– Each lower extremity consists of the thigh and
the leg.
The Skeletal System (11 of 13)
• The lower extremity (cont’d)
– The thighbone (femur) is the longest and
strongest bone in the entire body.
– The leg has two bones called the tibia and
fibula.
– The kneecap (patella) is a small, flat bone that
protects the front of the knee joint.
– The ankle and foot contain a large number of
smaller bones.
The Skeletal System (12 of 13)
• Joints
– Where two bones come in contact with each
other, a joint is formed.
– Held together by supporting tissues called
tendons and ligaments
– Lubricated by a thin fluid that is contained in a
sac surrounding the joint
The Skeletal System (13 of 13)
• Joints (cont’d)
– Three types of
joints:
• Fused joints
• Hinge joints
• Ball-and-socket
joints
The Muscular System (1 of 2)
• Skeletal muscles
provide support
and movement.
– Alternately contract
and relax
Skeletal/Voluntary Muscle
The Muscular System (2 of 2)
• Smooth muscles carry out automatic
functions.
– Also called involuntary muscles
• Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart.
The Nervous System (1 of 3)
• Governs the body’s functioning
• Consists of the brain, the spinal cord, and
the individual nerves that extend throughout
the body
The Nervous System (2 of 3)
The Nervous System (3 of 3)
• The brain is the body’s “central computer”
and controls the following functions:
– Thinking
– Voluntary actions
– Involuntary functions
• The spinal cord is a long, tube-like structure
that extends from the base of the brain.
The Digestive System (1 of 3)
• Breaks down food into a form that can be
carried by the circulatory system to the cells
of the body
• Food that is not used is eliminated as solid
waste.
• Major organs of the digestive system are
located in the abdomen.
The Digestive System (2 of 3)
• The digestive tract begins at the mouth and
continues through these structures:
– Throat
– Esophagus
– Stomach
– Small intestine
– Large intestine
– Rectum
– Anus
The Digestive System (3 of 3)
• The digestive
system also
includes three
other organs:
– Liver
– Gallbladder
– Pancreas
The Genitourinary System
(1 of 3)
• Responsible for the body’s reproductive
functions and for the removal of waste
products
• Major male reproductive organs:
– The testes produce sperm.
– The penis delivers sperm.
The Genitourinary System
(2 of 3)
• Major female reproductive organs:
– The ovaries produce eggs.
– The uterus holds the fertilized egg during
pregnancy.
– The egg released by the ovaries travels to the
uterus through the fallopian tubes.
– The external opening of the female reproductive
system is called the birth canal (vagina).
The Genitourinary System
(3 of 3)
• The removal of waste products begins in
the kidneys, which filter the blood to form
urine.
– The urine flows down from the kidneys through
tubes (ureters) into the bladder.
– The bladder collects and stores the urine before
it passes out of the body through the urethra.
Skin (1 of 4)
• Skin covers all parts of the body.
• It has three major functions:
– Protects the body against harmful substances in
the environment
– Regulates body temperature
– Transmits information from the outside
environment to the brain
Skin (2 of 4)
• The dermis is the deeper, or inner, layer of
the skin.
• The epidermis is the outer layer of skin,
which is located upon the dermis.
Skin (3 of 4)
Skin (4 of 4)
• The skin is an effective barrier to bacteria
and viruses as long as it is not broken by
injury.
• The skin can perceive or sense:
– Touch
– Pressure
– Pain
– Degrees of hot or cold
Stages of Life—Growth and
Development (1 of 2)
• Throughout a person’s life, the body
changes constantly.
– In an infant, the airway is very small and is
easily obstructed by swelling or objects.
– Because toddlers have poor coordination and
balance, they are at high risk for falls.
– School-aged children are physically active and
prone to injuries from bicycle riding and other
athletic mishaps.
Stages of Life—Growth and
Development (2 of 2)
• The body changes constantly. (cont’d)
– Adolescents do not fully understand the
consequences of dangerous actions.
– Early adulthood is the period when most body
systems are fully developed.
– Middle adulthood is generally the time when
body systems start to decline.
– During late adulthood, these declines become
more pronounced.
Vital Signs (1 of 3)
• Most commonly measured vital signs:
– Pulse (heart rate)
– Respiration rate
– Blood pressure
• Normal vital signs change with age.
– Normal pulse and respiratory rates decrease.
– Systolic blood pressure increases.
Vital Signs (2 of 3)
Vital Signs (3 of 3)
• Variations in normal
vital sign values
depend on three
factors:
– The person’s size
– The person’s degree
of physical
conditioning
– The medications that
the person takes
Summary (1 of 4)
• The respiratory system consists of the lungs
and the airway.
• The circulatory system consists of the heart
(the pump), the blood vessels (the pipes),
and blood (the fluid).
• The skeletal system consists of the bones
of the body.
Summary (2 of 4)
• The muscular system consists of three
kinds of muscles: voluntary (skeletal)
muscles, smooth (involuntary) muscles, and
cardiac (heart) muscles.
• The nervous system consists of the brain,
the spinal cord, and individual nerves.
Summary (3 of 4)
• The digestive system consists of the mouth,
esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas.
• The genitourinary system consists of the
organs of reproduction together with the
organs involved in the production and
excretion of urine.
Summary (4 of 4)
• The skin protects the body from the
environment, regulates the internal
temperature of the body, and transmits
sensations from the skin to the nervous
system.
• Vital signs change at different points of the
life cycle.
Review
1. Which of the following patients is in the
anatomic position?
A. a man lying down on his back with his arms
across his chest
B. a woman standing and facing you, with arms
at the sides and thumbs pointing outward
C. a child on her left side with her right knee
pulled up toward her stomach
D. a man facing you with his feet 12″ apart and
his hands interlocked behind his head
Review
Answer:
B. a woman standing and facing you, with
arms at the sides and thumbs pointing
outward
Review
2. When referring to the human body, the
term proximal means:
A. closest to the point where an arm or leg is
attached.
B. a position that is closer to the feet.
C. a position on the back of the body.
D. connected to the pelvis.
Review
Answer:
A. closest to the point where an arm or leg
is attached.
Review
3. The respiratory system is responsible for:
A. transporting oxygenated blood throughout the
body.
B. ensuring that the body has an adequate
supply of red blood cells.
C. removing carbon monoxide from the body.
D. providing oxygen for the body and removing
carbon dioxide.
Review
Answer:
D. providing oxygen for the body and
removing carbon dioxide.
Credits
• Opener: © Stephen Coburn/ShutterStock,
Inc.
• Background slide image (ambulance):
© Comstock Images/Alamy Images
• Background slide images (non-ambulance):
© Jones & Bartlett Learning. Courtesy of
MIEMSS.