Transcript The Human Body

The Human Body
Anatomy
and
Physiology
http://www.brainpop.com/health/cellsandbodybasics/yourbody/
• Anatomy –structure
• Physiology –functions
Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical level
Atoms
Elements
Compounds
Chemicals divided into two major
- inorganic chemicals
- Ex: H2O, 02 and CO2
- Organic chemicals
- Ex: Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, and Nucleic
Acids
• 2. Cellular Level
– cells are the smallest
living subunits of
organisms
– many different types of
cells
• Each made of
chemicals and
carries out specific
chemical reactions.
• 3. Tissue Level
– A tissue is a
group of cells
with similar
structure and
function
4 different groups of tissue
• 1. Epithelial
– Covers or lines body
surfaces
• Examples: outer layer
of the skin,
• line the various cavities
and tubes of the body
• 2. Connective
– Connects and supports
parts of the body; some
transport or store
materials
– Supporting
• cartilage. Example:
the outer ear
• bone.
– Binding
• Tendons connect
muscle to bone.
• Ligaments connects
one bone to another
• 3. Muscle
– Specialized for contraction, which bring about
movement
– 3 Types of muscle tissue
• Skeletal muscle - contraction provides the force of
locomotion and other voluntary body movements.
• Smooth muscle lines the walls of the hollow
structures of the body, such as the intestine, urinary
bladder, uterus, and blood vessels. Its contraction,
which is involuntary, reduces the size of these
hollow organs.
• cardiac muscle
– makes up the heart
• 4. Nerve
– Specialized to
generate and
transmit impulses
that regulate
body functions
• Examples: the
brain and optic
nerves
4.Organ Level
– An organ is a group
of two or more
different types of
tissues that has a
specific function
– Examples: heart,
brain, kidneys, liver,
lungs
• 5. Organ Systems
– An organ system is a group of organs that
contribute to a particular function.
• Integumentary System
– The skin and structures
derived from it, such as
hair, nails, and sweat
and oil glands.
– Protects the body, helps
regulate body
temperature, pressure
and pain.
• Skeletal System
– Made up of bones
and ligaments
– Supports, protects
provides framework
• Muscular System
– Specifically refers
to skeletal muscle
tissue and tendons
– Brings about
movement,
maintaining posture
and produces heat
• Circulatory System
– The heart, blood,
and blood vessels
– Transports oxygen
and nutrients to
tissues and removes
waste
• Lymphatic System
– The lymph,
lymphatic vessels,
and structures
containing lymph
tissue (spleen and
lymph nodes)
– Cleans and returns
tissue fluid to the
blood and destroys
pathogens that enter
the body
• Nervous System
– The brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sense
organs, such as the eye
and ear
– Interprets sensory
information, regulates
body functions such as
movement by means of
impulses
• Endocrine System
– All hormone
producing glands
and cells such as
the pituitary gland,
thyroid gland, and
pancreas
– Regulates body
functions by means
of hormones
• Respiratory System
– The lungs and a
series of
passageways, such
as the
pharynx(throat),
larynx (voice box),
trachea (windpipe),
and bronchial tubes
– Exchange oxygen
and carbon dioxide
between the air and
blood
• Digestive System
– Gastrointestinal
tract (GI) and
organs such as the
salivary glands,
liver, gallbladder
and the pancreas
– Breaks down and
absorbs food for
use by cells and
eliminates solid and
other waste
• Excretory System
(Urinary System)
– The kidneys,
urinary bladder, and
urethra
– Remove waste
products from the
blood and regulates
volume and pH of
blood
• Immune System
– Consists of several
organs, includes the
lymph nodes,
spleen, blood
vessels, bone
marrow
– as well as white
blood cells (WBC)
– Provides protection
against infection
and disease
• Reproductive System
– Ovaries, uterus,
mammary glands
(woman)
– Testes (men)
– Produces eggs and
sperm
– In women, provides
a site for the
developing embryofetus
• All of the body systems function together to
help the body maintain homeostasis.
• Homeostasis reflects the ability of the body
to maintain relative stability and to function
normally despite constant changes.
– Changes may be external or internal, and the
body must respond
• Homeostasis mechanisms work like a
thermostat that is sensitive to temperature
and maintains a relative constant room
temperature whether the room gets hot or
cold.
•Homeostasis (animation)
http://health.howstuffworks.com/adam200092.htm
• http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/bio_animations/M
H11%20Homeostasis_Web/index.html
BODY CAVITIES
• Many organs and organ systems in the
human body are housed in compartments
called body cavities.
• These cavities protect delicate internal
organs
• The human body has 4 main body cavities
• 1. Cranial cavityencases the brain.
• 2. Spinal cavity extending from the
cranial cavity to the
base of the spine,
surrounds the Spinal
Cord
• 3. Thoracic cavity The upper
compartment, contains
the heart, the
esophagus, and the
organs of the
respiratory system the lungs, trachea, and
bronchi.
• 4. Abdominal cavity The lower
compartment, contains
organs of the
digestive,
reproductive, and
excretory systems.
• The abdominal cavity and the thoracic
cavity are separated by a wall of muscle
called the diaphragm.