Transcript Anatomy and Physiologyx

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Anatomy is the study of the structure and
shape of the body and body parts as
well as their relationships to one another.
› Gross anatomy = studying large, easily
observable structures
› Microscopic anatomy = studying very small
structures
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Physiology is the study of how the body
and its parts work or function
Form and function
 Body parts are able to work because of
their strucutres
 Different systems interact with and
depend on each other  the body is a
well-organized unit
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Atoms – Building blocks of matter
Molecules – Formed from atoms
Cells – Smallest unit of life, composed of molecules
Tissues – Groups of similar cells that have a
common function
Organ – A structure composed of two or more
tissue types that performs a specific function for
the body.
Organ system – A group of organs that cooperate
to accomplish a common purpose.
Organism – Made up of all organ systems; the
most complex level of structural organization.
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The external covering  the skin
Keeps body waterproof
Protects deeper tissues from
injury
Excretes salts and urea through
perspiration (sweating)
Regulates body temperature
Contains temperature, pressure,
and pain receptors  allows us
to detect what is happening
around us
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Consists of bones, cartilages,
ligaments, and joints.
Supports the body and provides
a framework for the muscles so
they can cause movement
Provides protection for soft tissues
and organs
Hematopoiesis (formation of
blood) occurs in the cavities of
the skeleton
Mineral storage
Cause movement by
contracting, or shortening
 Provide mobility
 Provide mild protection
 Cardiac muscles help
circulate blood
 Smooth muscles help move
fluids, food, etc. along
definite pathways in the body
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Consists of brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sensory receptors
Allows body to respond to
irritants or stimuli coming from
outside and inside the body
Sensory receptors detect
messages from these stimuli and
send the information to the
central nervous system, which
processes it and responds by
activating the appropriate
muscles and/or glands
Consists of pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroids, adrenals,
thymus, pancreas, pineal,
ovaries, and testes.
 Produces hormones and
releases them into the blood
to travel to distant target
organs.
 Controls many body functions,
such as growth, reproduction,
food use by cells, respiration,
heart rate, etc.
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Consists of heart, blood
vessels, and blood.
 Heart pumps to help
circulate the blood through
the body
 Uses blood to carry oxygen,
nutrients, hormones, and
other substances to and
from tissue cells
 White blood cells help
protect the body from
foreign invaders
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Consists of lymphatic vessels,
lymph nodes, other lymph
organs, and lymph (fluid
leaked from blood vessels)
Complementary to
cardiovascular system 
returns lymph to blood vessels
so that blood can keep
circulating through the body
Helps cleanse the blood and
houses cells involved in
immunity
Consists of nasal
passages, pharynx,
larynx, trachea,
bronchi, and lungs
 Keeps body constantly
supplied with oxygen
 Removes carbon
dioxide
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Consists of mouth,
esophagus, stomach,
small and large
intestines, and rectum
 Basically a tube running
through the body
 Breaks down food and
delivers the products to
the blood for dispersal
to the body cells
 Undigested food leaves
as feces
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Consists of kidneys, ureters,
bladder, and urethra
 Helps get rid of
nitrogenous waste (urine)
 Helps maintain the body’s
water and salt balance
and regulate the acidbase balance of blood
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Consists of scrotum,
testes, penis, accessory
glands, and duct
system in males.
Consists of ovaries,
uterine tubes, uterus,
and vagina in females.
 Exists to produce
offspring, which
develop in the uterus
prior to birth.
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“Inside” remains distinct from “outside”
 Every cell in the human body is
surrounded by an external membrane
that contains its contents and allows
needed substances in while restricting the
entry of potentially damaging or
unnecessary substances
 Body is enclosed by skin, which keeps
internal organs from drying out and
external damaging factors (sunlight,
bacteria, chemicals) out
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All activities promoted by muscular
system
 Propelling ourselves from one place to
another
 Manipulating external environment
 Moving substances through internal
organs
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Irritability
 The ability to sense changes in the
environment and then react to them
 All body cells exhibit responsiveness, but
nerve cells are mainly responsible for the
body’s responsiveness
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Process of breaking down ingested food
into simple molecules that can be
absorbed into the blood
 In single celled organisms, the cell itself is
the “digestion factory”
 In the complex, multicellular human
body, digestive system performs this
function
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Chemical reactions that occur within
body cells
 Includes breaking complex substances
into simpler ones, making larger structures
from smaller ones, and turning food into
energy
 Depends on digestive and respiratory
systems to make nutrients and oxygen
available to the blood
 Mainly regulated by hormones secreted
by endocrine system
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Removing wastes from the body
 Body must get rid of substances that are
not useful in order to make room for
substances it can use
 Mainly facilitated by digestive and
urinary systems
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Production of offspring
 On the cellular level, a cell divides,
producing two identical daughter cells
 On the organismal level, reproductive
organs produce a sperm and egg,
which unite to form a zygote, which will
develop within the mother’s body until it
can be born
 Performed by reproductive system,
regulated by endocrine system
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Increase in size
 Usually accomplished by an increased
number of cells
 For growth to occur, cell-constructing
activities must occur at a faster rate than
cell-destroying ones
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Nutrients – taken in via the diet, provide energy
and chemicals for cell building
› Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins
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Oxygen – taken in through breathing, helps
chemical reactions that release energy from food
Water – 60-80% of body weight, provides fluid base
for secretions and excretions
Body temperature – 37°C (98°F), too low and
chemical reactions slow down, too high and they
speed up, death at either extreme
Atmospheric pressure – pressure exerted on the
body by the weight of air, breathing process is
dependent on it
The ability to maintain relatively stable
internal conditions even though the
outside world is constantly changing
 Maintaining an equilibrium, a balance
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Communication – mainly through nervous and
endocrine systems
 Receptor – sensor that monitors and responds
to changes in the environment (stimuli) and
sends information to the…
 Control center – determines the level the
variable must be maintained at, analyzes
information, and determines appropriate
response, activating the…
 Effector – provides the means for the response,
the results of this response flow back to the
control center
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Negative feedback cycle = the net
effect of the response to the stimulus is to
shut off the original stimulus or reduce its
intensity
 Positive feedback cycle = the net effect
of the response to the stimulus is to
increase its intensity or frequency
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The disturbance of homeostasis  the
cause of most diseases or abnormal
conditions
 As we age, our organs become less
efficient  Our internal conditions
become less stable
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Standardized to avoid confusion
 Body is erect
 Feet are parallel
 Arms hanging at sides
 Palms facing forwards
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Term
Definition
Superior (cranial or cephalad)
Toward the head end of the body
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head end of the body
Anterior (ventral)
Toward the front of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward the backside of the body
Medial
Toward the center or midline of the body
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Intermediate
Between medial and lateral
Proximal
Close to the origin of the body part, near
where it attaches to the trunk
Distal
Farther from the point or origin, away from
where it attaches to the trunk
Superficial
Toward or at the body surface
Deep
Away from the body surface, internal
Term
Definition
Abdominal
Anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
Acromial
Point of shoulder
Antecubital
Anterior surface of elbow
Axillary
Armpit
Brachial
Arm
Buccal
Cheek area
Carpal
Wrist
Cervical
Neck region
Coxal
Hip
Crural
Leg
Digital
Fingers, toes
Femoral
Thigh
Term
Definition
Fibular
Lateral part of leg
Inguinal
Area where thigh meets body
trunk; groin
Nasal
Nose area
Oral
Mouth
Orbital
Eye area
Patellar
Anterior knee
Pelvic
Area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
Pubic
Genital region
Sternal
Breastbone area
Tarsal
Ankle region
Thoracic
Chest
Umbilical
Navel
Term
Definition
Cephalic
Head
Deltoid
Curve of shoulder formed by large
deltoid muscle
Gluteal
Buttock
Lumbar
Area of back between ribs and
hips
Occipital
Posterior surface of head
Popliteal
Posterior knee area
Sacral
Area between hips
Scapular
Shoulder blade region
Sural
The posterior surface of lower leg;
the calf
Vertebral
Area of spine
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Sagittal section – cut made along
the lengthwise (longitudinal)
plane, dividing into right and left
parts
Frontal section – cut made along
a lengthwise plane that divides
body into front and back parts
Transverse section – cut made
along the horizontal plane,
dividing body into top and
bottom parts, also called cross
section
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Dorsal cavity
› Cranial cavity – space inside skull
› Spinal cavity – runs from cranial
cavity to end of vertebral column
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Ventral cavity
› Thoracic cavity – contains lungs,
heart, etc., above diaphragm
› Abdominopelvic cavity
 Abdominal cavity – stomach, liver,
etc
 Pelvic cavity – reproductive
organs
Quadrants – named according to relative
positions  upper and lower, left and right
 Regions – nine sections, “tic-tac-toe”
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› Umbilical region – centermost
› Epigastric region – top center
› Hypogastric (pubic) region – lower center
› Right and left iliac – Right and left lower
› Right and left lumbar – Right and left center
› Right and left hypochondriac – Right and left top