Transcript Chapt04 Lecture 13ed Pt 4

Human Biology
Sylvia S. Mader
Michael Windelspecht
Chapter 4
Organization and
Regulation of
Body Systems
Lecture Outline
Part 4
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4.6 Integumentary System
What are the accessory organs of the
skin and why are they important?
•
•
•
•
•
They include nails, hair, and glands.
Nails are derived from the epidermis and offer a
protective covering.
Hair follicles are derived from the _______, but
hair grows from __________ cells.
Oil glands are associated with hair and produce
_________ that lubricates the hair and skin and
retards ______________.
Sweat glands are derived from the dermis and
help to regulate ______________.
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4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes
Moving from tissue to organs
and organ systems
•
An organ is 2 or more tissue types working
towards a particular function.
•
An organ system is a combination of organs
that work together to carry out a particular
function.
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4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes
What are the organ systems of
the human body?
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Integumentary
systems
•protects body.
• provides temperature
Homeostasis
•synthesizes vitamin D.
•receives sensory input
Organ:Skin.
Cardiovascular
systems
Lymphatic and
Immune systems
• defends against
• transport system for
infectious diseases
nutrients, waste
•
provides fluid
• provides temperature,
homeostasis
pH, and fluid
• assists in absorption
homeostasis
and transport of fats
Organ: Heart
Organs: Lymphatic
vessels, lymph nodes,
spleen
Figure 4.13. Organ systems of the body.
Digestive system
Respiratory system
• exchanges gases at
• ingests, digests, and
both lungs and tissues
processes food
• absorbs nutrients and • assists in pH
homeostasis
eliminates waste
Organs: Lungs
• involved in fluid
homeostasis
Organs: Oral cavity,
esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large
intestine, salivary glands,
liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Urinary system
• excretes metabolic
wastes
• provides pH and
fluids homeostasis
Organs: Kidneys,
urinary bladder
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4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes
What are the organ systems of
the human body?
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Skeletal system
Muscular system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Reproductive system
• provides support
and protection
• assists in movement
• stores minerals
• produces blood cells
Organs: Bones
• assists in movement
and posture
• produces heat
Organs: Muscles
• receives, processes,
and stores sensory input
• provides motor output
• coordinates organ
systems
Organs: Brain, spinal cord
• produces hormones.
• cordinate organ systems
• regulates metabolism
and stress responce
• involved fluid and
pH homeostasis
Organs: Testes, ovaries,
adrenal glands, pancreas,
thymus, thyroid, pineal gland
• produces and transports
gametes
• nurtures and gives birth to
offspring in females
Organs: Testes, penis, ovaries,
uterus, vagina
Figure 4.13. Organ systems of the body.
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4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes
What are the body cavities?
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Cranial
cavity:
Contains brain
Thoracic
cavity:
contains heart,
lungs, and
esophagus
Ventral
cavity
Abdominal
cavity:
Contains stomach,
liver, spleen,
pancreas,
gallbladder,
and intestines
Vertebral
cavity:
contains
spinal cord
plurae
Dorsal
cavity
pericardium
peritoneum
Thoracic cavity:
Contains esophagus,
heart, and lungs
Abdominal cavity:
contains digestive
and other organs
Pelvic cavity:
contains reproductive
and other organs
diaphragm
b.
Pelvic
cavity:
contains
reproductive
and other
organs
a.
Figure 4.14. Body cavities of humans.
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4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes
What about the body membranes
that line the cavities?
•
___________ membranes – line the digestive,
respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems
•
__________ membranes – line the lungs,
heart, and abdominal cavity and cover the
internal organs; named after their location
• Pleura: lungs
• Peritoneum: abdominal cavity and organs
• Pericardium: heart
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4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes
What about the body membranes
that line the cavities?
•
Synovial membranes – line the cavities of
freely movable joints
•
Meninges – cover the _____ and __________
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4.8 Homeostasis
What is homeostasis?
•
It is the ability to maintain a relatively constant
________ environment in the body.
•
The ________ and _________ systems are
key in maintaining homeostasis.
•
Changes from the normal tolerance limits
result in illness or even death.
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4.8 Homeostasis
All systems are important in
maintaining homeostasis
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Endocrine System
All systems of the body contribute to
maintain homeostasis. These systems
in particular are especially note worthy.
Endocrine glands secrete hormones, which
also regulate and coordinate the activities of
other systems. Works more slowly than the
nervous system.
Nervous System
Regulates and coordinates the activities of all
the other systems. It responds quickly to
internal and external stimuli.
Cardiovascular System
Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissue
cells and transports wastes away from cells.
Also transports hormones secreted by the
endocrine glands.
Digestive System
Supplies blood with nutrients and water for
tissue cells. Rids the body of nondigestible
remains.
Figure 4.15.
Homeostasis by
the organ systems
of the human
body.
Muscular System
Produces heat that maintains body
temperature. Protects and supports internal
organs.
Respiratory System
Supplies blood with oxygen for tissue cells
and rids blood of carbon dioxide. Helps
regulate the acid–base balance of the blood.
Urinary System
Excretes nitrogenous and other wastes.
Regulates water–salt balance of the blood.
Helps regulate the acid–base balance of the
blood.
Lymphatic System
Helps maintain blood volume by collecting
excess tissue fluid and returning it via
lymphatic vessels to the cardio vascular veins.
Defends against disease.
Integumentary System
Helps maintain body temperature and protects
internal organs.
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4.8 Homeostasis
What are the mechanisms for
maintaining homeostasis?
•
__________ feedback – the output of the
system resolves or corrects the original
stimulus
•
__________ feedback – brings about an
increasing change in the same direction as
the original stimulus
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4.8 Homeostasis
Negative feedback
•
•
•
The primary
mechanism for
maintaining
____________
The output of
the system
__________ the
original stimulus
Has 2
components
• sensor
• control center
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Control center
sends data to control center
directs response to stimulus
Effect
Sensor
negative feedback
and return to normal
stimulus
Homeostasis
Figure 4.16. Negative feedback mechanisms.
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4.8 Homeostasis
An example of negative feedback:
Body temperature
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Control center
sends data to
control center
98.6°F set point
directs response
to stimulus
Sensor
Effect
Blood vessels dilate;
sweat glands secrete.
negative feedback
and return to normal
temperature
stimulus
Normal body temperature
negative feedback
and return to normal
stimulus
Effect
Sensor
Blood vessels constrict;
sweat glands are inactive;
shivering may occur.
Figure 4.18. Body temperature
homeostasis.
directs response
to stimulus
Control center
sends data to
control center
98.6°F set point
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4.8 Homeostasis
Positive feedback
•
A mechanism for increasing the change of the
internal environment in _________________
•
An example is the secretion of oxytocin during
birth to continually increase _____________
____________
•
Can be harmful such as when a fever is too
high and continues to rise
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