Transcript Human Systems

Human Systems
Student Expectation B.10.B
• Describe the interactions that
occur among systems that
perform the functions of
regulation, nutrient absorption,
reproduction, and defense
from injury or illness in
animals.
Instructions:
• For each body system, you will need to:
- cut out the diagram from your handouts,
label the structures from the system slide,
and color the items you label
- Give the system’s functions. Page 892
- List the interrelationships the system has with
other systems.
List of Body Systems
Integumentary System
Lymphatic/Immune
System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Skeletal System
Reproductive System
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Endocrine System
Excretory System
Integumentary System
Structures:
- Skin Crossection (pg. 934)
label epedermis, dermis, hypodermis, hair, sweat gland,
sweat pore, oil gland (also known as sebaceous gland)
- Draw a Finger
label the fingernail
Function:
– Serves as a barrier against infection and injury, helps to
regulate body temperature; provides protection against
ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Skin is largest organ.
Integumentary System
Interrelationship
• Covers all other systems
• Endocrine: Hormones stimulate oil secretion in skin
• Immune: First line of defense
• Digestive: Creation of Vitamin D
• Nervous- stimulus response
• Excretory – helps regulates body temperature by releasing
sweat and gasses.
Muscular System
Structures:
– muscle tissue types (pg. 926)
label skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
and give brief description of each
– structure of skeletal muscle (pg. 927)
label skeletal muscle, bundle of muscle fibers, single
muscle fiber
Function:
– Works with skeletal system to produce voluntary
movement; helps to circulate blood and move food
through the digestive system.
MUSCULAR system
interrelationships
• Circulatory: Circulates O2 to muscles
(heart is composed of cardiac muscle)
• Skeletal: helps creates movement
• Digestive: provides sugar needed for ATP
synthesis
• Nervous: Stimulates muscle contraction and
movement
3 Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal System
Structures:
- Bone Cross Section (pg. 923)
label bone marrow, spongy bone, compact
bone, osteocyte (bone cell)
- Knee Structure (pg. 925)
label femur bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons,
red marrow
• Function:
– Supports body, protects internal organs, allows
movement, stores minerals, provides a site for
RBC formation.
SKELETAL system
interrelationships
• Muscular: Provides support, creates movement
• Circulatory: provides RBCs
• Digestive: Provides nutrients needed for healthy
•
bone growth
• Endocrine: hormones regulate growth
• Nervous: Protection of brain/spinal cord
Knee Structure and Bone Cross Section
Circulatory System
• Structures:
Circulatory System (pg. 944)
Label capillaries (4), artery, vein, vena cava (2),
aorta, heart, blood vessels
Artery Cross Section (pg.953)
Label white blood cells, platelets, red blood cells
• Function:
– Brings O2, nutrients and hormones to cells, fights
infection, removes cell waste, regulates body
temperature, carries CO2 to lungs.
CIRCULATORY System
Interrelationships
• Endocrine: Circulates hormones
• Lymphatic: Returns fluids to circulatory
system
• Digestive: Brings nutrients that were
reabsorbed in intestines to cells that need
them
• Excretory System: Removes wastes from blood stream
• Muscular: Provides sugars and O2 needed for ATP
synthesis during muscle contraction
Circulatory System and Artery Cross Section
Digestive System
Structures:
Digestive system (pg. 979)
Label mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small and large intestines,
rectum, pancreas, gallbladder, liver,
salivary glands
Function:
– Converts food into simpler molecules
that can be used by the cells of the
body; absorbs food; eliminates wastes
DIGESTIVE System
Interrelationships
• Excretory: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
produced.
• Circulatory: Moves nutrients through body.
• Endocrine: Hormones allow organs to
function/digest properly,
metabolism, hunger
• Muscular: Muscle increases movement of
food through the whole digestive
tract
Digestive System
Excretory System
• Structures:
Excretory System (pg. 986)
Label kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
(also involved – skin and lungs)
• Function:
– Eliminates waste products from the
body in ways that help maintain
homeostasis.
EXCRETORY System
Interrelationships
• Circulatory: Filters nitrogenous wastes from
blood in kidneys
• Lymphatic: Maintains water balance in blood
• Digestive: nitrogenous wastes reabsorbed can
exit; Urea-made in liver
• Endocrine: hormones regulate
Excretory System
Lymphatic / Immune Systems
Structures:
- Lymphatic/Immune System (pg. 955)
White blood cells, tonsils, thymus, spleen,
bone marrow, lymph nodes, (also included
are white blood cells and lymph vessels)
Function:
– Immune: Protects body from disease.
– Lymphatic: Collects fluid lost from blood
vessels and returns to the fluid to the
circulatory system.
Lymphatic / Immune Systems
Interrelationships
• Digestive: Pathogens ingested are destroyed
• Excretory: Fluid is filtered in kidneys
• Circulatory: WBCs travel in blood vessels;
fluid is returned into vessels
• Skeletal: Cells are made in bone marrow
• Integumentary: Skin acts as a barrier
Lymphatic / Immune Systems
Nervous System
Structures:
- Nervous System (pg. 904)
label brain, spinal cord, peripheral
nerves.
Function:
– Recognizes and coordinates body’s
response to changes in internal and
external environments.
NERVOUS system
Interrelationships
• Integumentary: Sense of touch
• Respiratory: Involuntary breathing
• Muscular: Impulse to contract
• Digestive: controls hunger
Nervous System
Reproductive System
• Structures:
Female Reproductive System (pg. 1012)
Label ovary, Fallopian tube, uterus, vagina,
cervix
Male Reproductive System (pg. 1010)
Label testes, urethra, penis, prostate gland,
seminal vesicle
• Function:
– Creates gametes/reproductive cells,
– Nurtures/protects developing embryo (females)
REPRODUCTIVE System
Interrelationships
• Muscular: supports reproductive organs and
are active during childbirth
• Endocrine: Secretes hormones that control
sex organs
• Digestive: developing fetus crowds digestive
organs during pregnancy, which
can cause heartburn, constipation, etc.
Respiratory System
Structures:
-Respiratory diagram (pg. 957)
Label nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
lungs
Function:
– Provides O2 needed for cellular respiration and
removes excess CO2 from the body.
RESPIRATION System
Interrelationships
• Muscular: Uses O2, increases respiration
during exercise
• Circulatory: Circulates O2 and CO2
• Nervous: “Fight or Flight” affects breathing
• Excretory: Kidneys dispose of other
metabolic wastes (other than CO2)
Respiratory System
Endocrine System
Structures:
– Endocrine diagram (pg. 1003, 1005, 1006)
Label hypothalamus, pancreas, ovaries, testes.
Label the following glands: pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroid, adrenal
Function:
– Controls growth, development, metabolism and
maintains homeostasis.
ENDOCRINE System
Interrelationships
• Reproductive: stimulate puberty and birth of child (i.e.
contractions, “water breaking”)
• Digestive: stimulates metabolism of sugars
• Immune: helps with immune responses
• Circulatory: provides main transport medium for hormones
• Respiration: Epinephrine increases respiration by dilating
bronchioles
Endocrine System
Skeletal System Facts
• When you are born, you have over 300 bones. As you grow
these bones fuse together and result in about 206 bones.
• The largest bone is the pelvis, or hip bone. In fact it is made
of six bones joined firmly together.
• The longest bone is the 'femur', in the thigh. It makes up
almost one quarter of the body's total height.
• The smallest bone is the 'stirrup', deep in the ear. It is hardly
larger than a grain of rice.
• The ears and end of the nose do not have bones inside them.
Their inner supports are cartilage or 'gristle', which is lighter
and more flexible than bone. This is why the nose and ears
can be bent.
• After death, cartilage rots faster than bone. This is why the
skulls of skeletons have no nose orears.
Muscular System Facts
• There are about 60 muscles in the face. Smiling is
easier than frowning. It takes 20 muscles to smile
and over 40 to frown.
• The longest muscle in the body is the sartorius, from
the outside of the hip, down and across to the inside
of the knee. It rotates the thigh outwards and bends
the knee.
• The smallest muscle in the body is the stapedius,
deep in the ear. It is only 5mm long and thinner than
cotton thread. It is involved in hearing.
• The biggest muscle in the body is the gluteus
maximus, in the buttock. It pulls the leg backwards
powerfully for walking, running and climbing steps.
Circulatory System Facts
• The heart beats around 3 billion times in the average
person's life.
• About 2 million blood cells die in the human body every
second, and the same number are born each second.
• Within a tiny droplet of blood, there are some 5 million red
blood cells, 300,000 platelets and 10,000 white cells.
• It takes about 1 minute for a red blood cell to circle the whole
body.
• Red blood cells make approximately 250,000 round trips of
the body before returning to the bone marrow, where they
were born, to die.
• Red blood cells may live for about 4 months circulating
throughout the body, feeding the 60 trillion other body cells.
Nervous System Facts
• The brain looks like a giant, wrinkled walnut.
• Unlike other body cells, brain cells can not
regenerate. Once brain cells are damaged
they are not replaced.
• The brain and spinal cord are surrounded and
protected by cerebrospinal fluid.
Immune System Facts
• The skin secretes antibacterial substances. These
substances explain why you don't wake up in the
morning with a layer of mold growing on your skin most bacteria and spores that land on the skin die
quickly.
• Tears and mucus contain an enzyme (lysozyme)
that breaks down the cell wall of many bacteria.
• Lymph nodes contain filtering tissue and a large
number of lymph cells. When fighting certain
bacterial infections, the lymph nodes swell with
bacteria and the cells fighting the bacteria, to the
point where you can actually feel them. Swollen
lymph nodes may therefore be a good indication that
you have an infection of some sort.
Digestive System Facts
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Adults eat about 500 kg of food per year.
1.5 litres of saliva are produced each day.
The oesophagus is approximately 25cm long.
Muscles contract in waves to move the food down the
oesophagus. This means that food would get to a person's
stomach, even if they were standing on their head.
• An adult’s stomach can hold approximately 1.5 litres of
material.
• Every day 11.5 litres of digested food, liquids and digestive
juices flow through the digestive system, but only 100 mls of
fluid are lost in faeces.
• We get two sets of teeth. Our 20 'Baby Teeth’ are replaced
starting at around 6-7 years of age with our 32 ‘Adult Teeth’.
Respiratory System Facts
• At rest, the adult body takes in and breathes out about 6 liters
of air each minute.
• The right lung is slightly larger than the left.
• Hairs in the nose help to clean the air we breathe as well as
warming it.
• The highest recorded "sneeze speed" is 165 km per hour.
• The surface area of the lungs is roughly the same size as a
tennis court.
• The capillaries in the lungs would extend 1,600 kilometers if
placed end to end.
• We lose half a liter of water a day through breathing. This is
the water vapor we see when we breathe onto glass.
• A person at rest usually breathes between 12 and 15 times a
minute.
• The breathing rate is faster in children and women than in
men.