Transcript Human Body Systems PPT

Describe the interactions that
occur among systems that
perform the functions of
regulation, nutrient absorption,
reproduction, and defense from
injury or illness in animals.
Regulation
- Integumentary
System
- Endocrine System
- Excretory System
- Nervous System
Nutrient Absorption
- Digestive System
- Respiratory System
- Circulatory System
Reproduction
- Reproductive
System
Defense
- Lymphatic/Immune
System
- Muscular System
- Skeletal System
- (Integumentary
System)
Regulation
Structures:
- Skin Cross-section
- epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, hair, sweat gland, sweat
pore, oil gland (also known as sebaceous gland)
- Draw a Finger
label the fingernail
Function:
 Serves as a barrier against infection and injury, helps to
regulate body temperature; provides protection against
ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Skin is largest organ.
 Covers all other systems
 Endocrine: Hormones stimulate oil secretion in skin
 Immune: First line of defense
 Digestive: Creation of Vitamin D
 Nervous- stimulus response
 Excretory – helps regulates body temperature by releasing
sweat and gasses.
Structures:
 Endocrine diagram
 hypothalamus, pancreas, ovaries, testes.
 Glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal
Function:
 Controls growth, development, metabolism and maintains
homeostasis.
 Reproductive: stimulate puberty and birth of child (i.e.
contractions, “water breaking”)
 Digestive: stimulates metabolism of sugars
 Immune: helps with immune responses
 Circulatory: provides main transport medium for hormones
 Respiration: Epinephrine increases respiration by dilating
bronchioles
Endocrine System
 Structures:
Excretory System
kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
(also involved – skin and lungs)
 Function:
 Eliminates waste products from the body
in ways that help maintain homeostasis.
 Circulatory: Filters nitrogenous wastes from
blood in kidneys
 Lymphatic: Maintains water balance in blood
 Digestive: nitrogenous wastes reabsorbed can
exit; Urea-made in liver
 Endocrine: hormones regulate
Excretory System
Structures:
- Nervous System
brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves.
Function:
 Recognizes and coordinates body’s
response to changes in internal and
external environments.
 Integumentary: Sense of touch
 Respiratory: Involuntary breathing
 Muscular: Impulse to contract
 Digestive: controls hunger
Nervous System
Nutrient
Absorption
Structures:
Digestive system
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small and large intestines, rectum,
pancreas, gallbladder, liver, salivary
glands
Function:
 Converts food into simpler molecules
that can be used by the cells of the body;
absorbs food; eliminates wastes
 Excretory: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
produced.
 Circulatory: Moves nutrients through body.
 Endocrine: Hormones allow organs to
function/digest properly,
metabolism, hunger
 Muscular: Muscle increases movement of
food through the whole digestive
tract
Digestive System
Structures:
-Respiratory diagram
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs
Function:
 Provides O2 needed for cellular respiration and
removes excess CO2 from the body.
 Muscular: Uses O2, increases respiration
during exercise
 Circulatory: Circulates O2 and CO2
 Nervous: “Fight or Flight” affects breathing
 Excretory: Kidneys dispose of other
metabolic wastes (other than CO2)
Respiratory System
 Structures:
Circulatory System
capillaries (4), artery, vein, vena cava (2), aorta,
heart, blood vessels
Artery Cross Section
white blood cells, platelets, red blood cells
 Function:
 Brings O2, nutrients and hormones to cells, fights
infection, removes cell waste, regulates body
temperature, carries CO2 to lungs.
 Endocrine: Circulates hormones
 Lymphatic: Returns fluids to circulatory
system
 Digestive: Brings nutrients that were
reabsorbed in intestines to cells that need
them
 Excretory System: Removes wastes from blood stream
 Muscular: Provides sugars and O2 needed for ATP
synthesis during muscle contraction
Circulatory System and Artery Cross Section
Reproduction
 Structures:
Female Reproductive System
ovary, Fallopian tube, uterus, vagina, cervix
Male Reproductive System
testes, urethra, penis, prostate gland, seminal
vesicle
 Function:
 Creates gametes/reproductive cells,
 Nurtures/protects developing embryo (females)
 Muscular: supports reproductive organs and
are active during childbirth
 Endocrine: Secretes hormones that control
sex organs
 Digestive: developing fetus crowds digestive
organs during pregnancy, which
can cause heartburn, constipation, etc.
Defense from
injury or
illness
Structures:
- Lymphatic/Immune System
White blood cells, tonsils, thymus, spleen, bone
marrow, lymph nodes, (also included are white
blood cells and lymph vessels)
Function:
 Immune: Protects body from disease.
 Lymphatic: Collects fluid lost from blood
vessels and returns to the fluid to the
circulatory system.
 Digestive: Pathogens ingested are destroyed
 Excretory: Fluid is filtered in kidneys
 Circulatory: WBCs travel in blood vessels;
fluid is returned into vessels
 Skeletal: Cells are made in bone marrow
 Integumentary: Skin acts as a barrier
Lymphatic / Immune Systems
Structures:
 muscle tissue types
skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and
give brief description of each
 structure of skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle, bundle of muscle fibers, single
muscle fiber
Function:
 Works with skeletal system to produce voluntary
movement; helps to circulate blood and move food
through the digestive system.
 Circulatory: Circulates O2 to muscles
(heart is composed of cardiac muscle)
 Skeletal: helps creates movement
 Digestive: provides sugar needed for ATP
synthesis
 Nervous: Stimulates muscle contraction and
movement
Structures:
- Bone Cross Section
bone marrow, spongy bone, compact
bone, osteocyte (bone cell)
- Knee Structure
femur bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, red
marrow
 Function:
 Supports body, protects internal organs, allows
movement, stores minerals, provides a site for
RBC formation.
 Muscular: Provides support, creates movement
 Circulatory: provides RBCs
 Digestive: Provides nutrients needed for healthy

bone growth
 Endocrine: hormones regulate growth
 Nervous: Protection of brain/spinal cord
Knee Structure and Bone Cross Section
 When you are born, you have over 300 bones. As you grow these
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bones fuse together and result in about 206 bones.
The largest bone is the pelvis, or hip bone. In fact it is made of
six bones joined firmly together.
The longest bone is the 'femur', in the thigh. It makes up almost
one quarter of the body's total height.
The smallest bone is the 'stirrup', deep in the ear. It is hardly
larger than a grain of rice.
The ears and end of the nose do not have bones inside them.
Their inner supports are cartilage or 'gristle', which is lighter and
more flexible than bone. This is why the nose and ears can be
bent.
After death, cartilage rots faster than bone. This is why the skulls
of skeletons have no nose or ears.
 There are about 60 muscles in the face. Smiling is
easier than frowning. It takes 20 muscles to smile
and over 40 to frown.
 The longest muscle in the body is the sartorius,
from the outside of the hip, down and across to the
inside of the knee. It rotates the thigh outwards
and bends the knee.
 The smallest muscle in the body is the stapedius,
deep in the ear. It is only 5mm long and thinner
than cotton thread. It is involved in hearing.
 The biggest muscle in the body is the gluteus
maximus, in the buttock. It pulls the leg
backwards powerfully for walking, running and
climbing steps.
 The heart beats around 3 billion times in the average
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person's life.
About 2 million blood cells die in the human body every
second, and the same number are born each second.
Within a tiny droplet of blood, there are some 5 million red
blood cells, 300,000 platelets and 10,000 white cells.
It takes about 1 minute for a red blood cell to circle the
whole body.
Red blood cells make approximately 250,000 round trips of
the body before returning to the bone marrow, where they
were born, to die.
Red blood cells may live for about 4 months circulating
throughout the body, feeding the 60 trillion other body
cells.
 The brain looks like a giant, wrinkled walnut.
 Unlike other body cells, brain cells can not regenerate.
Once brain cells are damaged they are not replaced.
 The brain and spinal cord are surrounded and
protected by cerebrospinal fluid.
 The skin secretes antibacterial substances. These
substances explain why you don't wake up in the
morning with a layer of mold growing on your skin
- most bacteria and spores that land on the skin
die quickly.
 Tears and mucus contain an enzyme (lysozyme)
that breaks down the cell wall of many bacteria.
 Lymph nodes contain filtering tissue and a large
number of lymph cells. When fighting certain
bacterial infections, the lymph nodes swell with
bacteria and the cells fighting the bacteria, to the
point where you can actually feel them. Swollen
lymph nodes may therefore be a good indication
that you have an infection of some sort.
Adults eat about 500 kg of food per year.
1.5 liters of saliva are produced each day.
The esophagus is approximately 25cm long.
Muscles contract in waves to move the food down the
esophagus. This means that food would get to a person's
stomach, even if they were standing on their head.
 An adult’s stomach can hold approximately 1.5 liters of
material.
 Every day 11.5 liters of digested food, liquids and digestive
juices flow through the digestive system, but only 100 ml of
fluid are lost in feces.
 We get two sets of teeth. Our 20 'Baby Teeth’ are replaced
starting at around 6-7 years of age with our 32 ‘Adult Teeth’.
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 At rest, the adult body takes in and breathes out about 6 liters of
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air each minute.
The right lung is slightly larger than the left.
Hairs in the nose help to clean the air we breathe as well as
warming it.
The highest recorded "sneeze speed" is 165 km per hour.
The surface area of the lungs is roughly the same size as a tennis
court.
The capillaries in the lungs would extend 1,600 kilometers if
placed end to end.
We lose half a liter of water a day through breathing. This is the
water vapor we see when we breathe onto glass.
A person at rest usually breathes between 12 and 15 times a
minute.
The breathing rate is faster in children and women than in men.