Transcript Human Body

Human Body
Warm-up (4/11 & 4/12)
• Turn to page 892-3 in your book and fill
out the function and parts of each system
• We will go over the test in a few minutes
Quick Review
Characteristics of life
order
reproduction
development
Energy
utilization
response
homeostasis
evolutionary
adaptation
Cell Specialization
Different kinds of animal
cells
white blood cell
Amoeba
red blood cell
muscle cell
cheek cells
sperm
nerve cell
Paramecium
6
Cells
Tissues
Levels of
organization
Organs
Organ Systems
Unit 2- Overview of Life
All 11 systems work together to
maintain homeostasis
SOME EXAMPLES OF
HOMEOSTASIS
One way our body maintains homeostasis
is through FEEDBACK LOOPS
• Receptor – receives
an environmental cue
(sense organs, special
glands within the body)
• Control Center –
processes the
feedback (brain, spinal
cord)
• Effector – carries out
any changes that need
to be made (muscles,
hormonal glands, etc.)
Blood Sugar Regulation
Homeostasis/ Feedback Lab
Feedback Lab
• Complete part 1 of the lab on your own
• Complete Part 2
– Step 6 is already done for you
– Step 7 – put 4 drops of Sugar instead of 5
– Step 8 – add 10-15 drops of Exercise (look for
a blue color change
• Finish part 1 and 2 before you leave
– If time permits, start part 3
Nervous System
• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Peripheral nerves
• Recognizes and
coordinates the
body’s response to
changes in its internal
and external
environment
Nervous System
• Messages or
electrical impulses
are carried by
special cells called
neurons.
Neuron
III. Structure of the Nervous
System
• Impulses are received by the dendrites
and travel down the axon.
Dendrite Cell Body Axon
• Neurons don’t touch. The space between
the two nerves is called the synapse.
• Electrochemical impulses are the
“messages”
Synapse
Electrochemical
impulse travels
from:
Dendrite axon
dendrite axon
BOTOX
b. 2 major divisions of nervous
system
• i. Central nervous
system (brain, spinal
cord) – relays
messages, processes
and analyzes
information
ii. Peripheral Nervous System
1. Sensory Neurons – transmit impulses
from sensory organs to the CNS
2. Motor Neurons – transmit impulses from
the CNS to the muscles or glands
Motor Neurons
a. Somatic Nervous
System – regulates
activities that under
conscious control
(muscles)
i. Reflex Arc –
parts of the
nervous system
that cause a
quick response
to a stimulus
IV. Reflex Arc
• The automatic reaction controlled by the
spinal cord
Receptor
(pain,
touch,
heat, etc.)
Sensory
neurons Interneuron
Motor
neuron
Response
b. Autonomic Nervous System
• Regulates activities
that are automatic or
involuntary (heart,
sweat glands)
3. Interneurons
• Carry impulses
between sensory and
motor neurons
II. Divisions of the Nervous System
D. Brain- made of neurons
– Cerebrum- controls voluntary movement,
senses, intelligence, and memory
– Cerebellum- controls muscle coordination
– Medulla oblongata- controls vital processes
(involuntary actions)
Nervous System Interactions –
• Excretory – regulates bladder emptying
• Integumentary – regulates sweat glands and blood vessels in
skin
• Skeletal – nerves are in bones; Calcium in bones for neural
function
• Muscular – skeletal muscles controlled by nervous system
• Endocrine – hormones influenced by the nervous system
Nervous System
• Digestive – provides nutrients for nervous system health
• Immune – lymphatic vessels carry leaked tissue away from
nervous system
• Respiratory – regulates respiratory rhythm and depth
• Circulatory – regulates heart rate and blood pressure
• Reproductive – regulates sexual response in males and females
Endocrine System
Endocrine System
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroids
Adrenals
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
• Controls growth,
development, and
metabolism using
chemical messengers
known as hormones
Pituitary: Too much
• Too much HGH
causes giantism
• Too much
vasopressin causes
little urination
Pituitary: Too Little
• Too little HGH causes
dwarfism.
• Too little vasopressin
causes much urination.
Thyroid: Too Little
• Hypothyroidism
– Low metabolism,
weight gain
• Cretinism
– Dwarf and mental
retardation
• Goiter
– No iodine, why iodine
is added to table salt
Pancreas: Too Much
• Too much insulin:
– Hypoglycemia (low
blood sugar)
• Too much glucagon
– Hyperglycemia (high
blood sugar)
Pancreas: Too Little
• Diabetes Mellitus
– Type 1- cells don’t produce enough insulin
• Hereditary, often occurs in childhood
– Type 2- cells don’t respond to insulin
• Based on lifestyle, often in people who are overweight and obese
Endocrine System Interactions –
• Excretory – Hormone influence renal function
• Integumentary – activates sebaceous glands; estrogen increases
skin hydration
• Skeletal – regulate calcium blood levels; growth hormone and sex
hormone needed for skeletal development
• Muscular – growth hormone need for muscular development
• Nervous – hormones influence maturation and function of nervous
system
Endocrine
• Digestive – influence GI function
• Immune – can depress immune responses
• Respiratory – hormones influence ventilation
• Circulatory – hormones influence blood volume, blood pressure, and
heart contraction
• Reproductive – hormones direct reproductive system development
and function
Warm-up (4/13 & 4/16)
• Turn in feedback lab and Unit 10 Quiz 1
• Have out human body overview packet
1.How does the nervous and endocrine
systems communicate respectively?
2.What type of cells make up the nervous
system?
3.Looking at the diagram of the reflex arc, what
do the sensory and motor neurons do?
4.When your body responds to an
environmental change, this general process
is known as …
Neuron
i. Reflex Arc –
parts of the
nervous system
that cause a
quick response
to a stimulus
Endocrine System
Objectives
• Review scientific method, cell structure,
and cell transport
• Investigate the parts and connection in
function of the circulatory and respiratory
systems
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Lungs
• Provides oxygen for
cellular respiration
and removes C02
from the body
The Respiratory
System
I. Functions
• Obtain O2 and release CO2
• Filter & warm incoming air
• Produce Sounds
• Aid in smelling
Why do
we
breathe?
II. Parts
1. Nose
2. Pharynx – connects
nose, throat & ears
3. Epiglottis – flap of
tissue that prevents
food from entering
trachea & lungs
4. Larynx (Voice Box – Adam’s Apple) –
contains vocal cords
5. Trachea (Windpipe)
6. Bronchi – direct air
into lungs divide into
Bronchioles which
divide into
Alveoli where O2 & CO2
are exchanged,
covered in blood
vessels
II. Parts
• Alveoli cont.
– Oxygen enters the blood stream by diffusion
O2
CO2
Alveoli—
60% O2
40% CO2
Blood—
6% O2
94% CO2
III. Inhalation
Diaphragm (muscle) contracts (lowers) – rib
cage rises – chest cavity expands
III. Exhalation
Diaphragm relaxes – rib cage lowers – chest
cavity decreases
Respiration Activity
IV. Homeostasis
• In order to maintain homeostasis, your
body needs to have low CO2 levels in the
blood
• If your CO2 levels rise, this triggers your
“inhalation” urge
– It’s not the oxygen levels that trigger this
reaction!
V. Pulmonary Respiration and Cell
Respiration
• For cell respiration
– Occurs in the mitochondria
– Makes ATP energy from glucose and oxygen
while releasing carbon dioxide and water
V. Cellular Respiration
• The process of
breaking down food
molecules to release
energy needed to
form new ATP
Energy stored in the
bonds of glucose
Formula:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O
V. Overview
Broken down
sugar
No Oxygen
Present
Anaerobic
Respiration
(fermentation)
Alcoholic
Fermentation
(Yeasts)
Oxygen
Present
Aerobic Respiration
Lactic Acid
Fermentation
(Muscles)
36 ATP
CR
CellFormula
Respiration?
Glucose+ O2
H20
+CO2
Emphysema
Lung Cancer
Respiratory System Interactions –
• Excretory – Any inhaled toxins will be expelled via excretory system
• Integumentary – Increased respiratory rate during inflammatory
response delivers histamines, platelets, WBC’s etc
• Skeletal – provides oxygen; removes carbon dioxide from blood
• Muscular – Delivers oxygen to active muscles  aerobic respiration
= LOTS of ATP!
• Endocrine – Increased Resp rate moves hormones around body
• Digestive - provides oxygen; removes carbon dioxide from blood
Respiratory
• Immune - Increased respiratory rate during inflammatory response
delivers histamines, platelets, WBC’s etc.
• Nervous – provides oxygen for neural activity
• Circulatory – delivers oxygen to various body cells; returns excess
carbon dioxide to lungs for expulsion
• Reproductive – Increased respiratory rate delivers more oxygen and
nutrients to a growing fetus in utero
Circulatory System
• Heart
• Blood vessels
• Blood
• Brings oxygen,
nutrients, and
hormones to cells,
fights infection
removes cell waste,
regulates body
temperature
I. Functions
• Transport oxygen, nutrients & waste
• Main line of defense against disease
• Carry hormones
• Regulate body temperature
• Open circulatory •hemolymph (blood &
interstitial fluid) •sinuses (spaces
surrounding organs)
– Earthworm, clams
• Closed circulatory: blood confined to
vessels
– Squid, lobster,
vertebrates
II. Blood Solution Components
1. Plasma (fluid) – 90 % of plasma is water
(solvent)
2. Red Blood Cells
• Produced in red bone marrow
• Carry O2 & CO2
• Solute
3. White Blood Cells
• Produced in red bone marrow
• Fights infection/disease
• Solute
4. Platelets
• Clots blood by creating a “spider web”
of protein with fibers that traps blood
• Solute
Cell Specialization Review
• What makes a liver cell different from a
blood cell?
• How are they the same?
III. Blood Vessels
1. Arteries
•
•
Carry blood AWAY from the heart
Muscular/elastic to allow adjustment to the
force of blood flow
Arteries
2. Veins
• Carry blood TOWARD the heart
• One way valves keep blood flowing in
one direction
Veins
3. Capillaries – smallest vessels
•
•
Connects arteries & veins
Actual exchange of gases & absorption of
nutrients occurs in capillaries
IV. Heart
• 4 Chambers – 2 atria (upper chambers) &
2 ventricles (lower chambers)
• Valves prevent backflow of blood
V. The Sound of a Heartbeat
• Caused by opening & closing of heart
valves
The heartbeat
• Sinoatrial (SA) node (“pacemaker”): sets rate and timing of
cardiac contraction by generating electrical signals
• Atrioventricular (AV) node: relay point (0.1 second delay to
ensure atria empty) spreading impulse to walls of ventricles
• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Circulation system
Blood Pressure- FYI
• Normal is around 120/80
• Systolic (top #) – Ventricles contracted –
pressure of blood against arteries
• Diastolic (bottom #) – Ventricles relaxed –
pressure of blood against arteries
Interactions –
• Excretory – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes;
blood pressure helps maintain kidney function
• Integumentary – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes
• Skeletal – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes
• Muscular – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes
• Endocrine – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes;
blood transports hormones
• Digestive - delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes
• Immune - delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes;
transports lymphocytes and antibodies
• Respiratory – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes
• Nervous – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes
• Reproductive – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes
Warm-up (4/17 & 4/18)
• Turn in Unit 10 Quiz #2
• Have out human body overview packet
1. What grape-like structure inside your lungs
increase surface area?
2. What muscle powers the lungs?
3. What type of blood vessel is the smallest and is
the site of gas exchange at the lungs and
somatic cells?
4. How many chambers are in a human heart?
5. What type of blood cell carries oxygen
throughout the blood?
Circulation system
Digestive System
Digestive System
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•
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Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Large and small
intestines
• Rectum
• Converts food into
simpler molecules
that can be used by
cells, absorbs food,
removes wastes
Digestion
• http://kitses.com/animation/swfs/digestion.
swf
• http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/
chapter16/animation__organs_of_digestio
n.html
I. Function
• To breakdown food into simpler
forms (glucose) the body can use at
the cellular level
Organic Compounds
1.
Lipids
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2.
Fats
Contain the most energy
Found in meats, dairy
Nucleic Acid
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3.
DNA/RNA
Genetic information storage
Found in all cells, not much energy
Carbohydrates
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4.
Monosaccharide, starches
Sugars, grains
Contain simple energy
Found in plants, sugary foods
Proteins
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Meat, certain vegetables
Bodies produce proteins to function
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Large Intestine
Appendix
Small Intestine
Rectum
a. Mechanical Digestion – the physical
breakdown of large pieces of food into
smaller pieces
b. Chemical Digestion – the process
that turns complex molecules (fats,
carbohydrates, proteins) into smaller
molecules to be used by cells
–Enzymes are proteins that help your body
break down the chemicals faster.
II. Digestive Process
1. Mouth – mechanical digestion (chewing) &
chemical digestion (salivary glands) begins
here (Enzyme: Amylase)
2. Pharynx and Esophogus- connects the
mouth to the stomach
3. Stomach – mechanical (churning) and
chemical (acid and enzymes) digest food
further (Enzyme: Pepsin)
4. Small Intestines
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•
Enzymes continue to break down nutrients
Absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream at
the villi.
•
Tiny finger like projections of the small intestines
that increase surface area
Remember this?
• Larger surface area=more absorption
– Villi function as an increase in surface area
5. Large Intestines (colon) – removes water
from undigested material, filled with bacteria
to aid in digestion
6. Rectum – stores & packs solid wastes
7. Anus – opening through which feces exits
body
Diffusion
• Movement of molecules from HIGH to
LOW.
– How molecules are absorbed out of the small
intestine
• Osmosis—the movement of water from
high to low
– How water leaves the large intestines
A
B
- glucose
- water
C
3 Types of Solutions
1. Isotonic – is a solution where molecules
move in and out at the same rate. It
allows the solution to be “NORMAL”.
2. Hypotonic solution – the cell gains
water and the cell swells. (Like a Hippo)
3. Hypertonic solution – the cell is going to
shrink. The molecules are moving out of
the cell.
Review of the 3 Types of
Solutions
Which way will the water move?
Which way will the water move?
Symbiosis
• Two organisms living together.
• There are three types:
Mutualism
• 1. Mutualism
benefits both
species involved.
Commensalism
• 2. Commensalism
occurs when one
species benefits
while the other is
neither harmed nor
benefited.
Parasitism
• 3. Parasitism is a
symbiotic
relationship in which
one organism,
known as a
parasite. Parasites
derive benefits at
the expense of
another, known as
the host.
Which symbiosis is bacteria in our
large intestines?
• Mutualism
• A large percentage of our feces is dead
symbiotic mutualism.
FYI
APPENDIX – small, fingerlike projection @
junction of small and large intestine
Interactions –
• Excretory – provides nutrients for energy fuel, growth, and repair
• Integumentary – provides nutrients for energy fuel, growth, and
repair; insulate dermal and subcutaneous tissues
• Skeletal – provides nutrients for energy fuel, growth and repair;
absorbs calcium
• Muscular – provides nutrients for energy fuel, growth, and repair
• Endocrine – removes hormones from blood, ending their activity
• Nervous – provide nutrients for neural functioning
• Immune – provides nutrients for normal functioning; HCl in stomach
provides protection against bacteria
• Respiratory – provides nutrients for energy metabolism, growth, and
repair
• Circulatory – provides nutrients to heart and blood vessels
• Reproductive – provides nutrients for energy fuel, growth, and repair
Excretory System
Excretory System
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Skin
Lungs
Kidneys
Urinary bladder
Urethra
• Eliminates wastes
•
•
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•
B. Urethra
C. Kidney
D. Ureter
E. Bladder
I. Background Information
Function – removes metabolic waste such as
excess water, urea & salts from cells in the
body
Parts – skin, lungs, kidneys & associated
organs
II. Parts
1. Kidneys- main excretory organ
• Located on either side of spinal column in
lower back
• Filters blood to remove waste
2. Ureter – tubes between kidneys & bladder,
transports urine to bladder
3. Urinary Bladder (can expand to twice its
size) – stores urine which contains:
Urea – poisonous nitrogen waste
Excess water (95%)
Excess salt & sugar
4. Urethra – short tube that passes urine out of
the body
Skin – part of integumentary system but also
part of excretory
HOW?
Lungs- part of the respiratory system but also
part of the excretory
HOW?
FYIExcess Glucose in Urine – indicates
diabetes
High white blood cell count in urine–
indicates infection
Excretory System Interactions –
• Nervous – help dispose of metabolic wastes and maintain proper
electrolyte composition and pH of blood for neural functioning
• Integumentary – activates vitamin D made by keratinocytes; dispose
of nitrogenous wastes
• Skeletal – activates vitamin D; dispose of nitrogenous wastes
• Muscular – dispose of nitrogenous wastes
• Endocrine – kidneys activate vitamin D (considered a hormone)
• Digestive – transform vitamin D to its active form, needed for
calcium absorption
• Immune – eliminates wastes and maintains pH balance of blood
• Respiratory – dispose of metabolic wastes of respiratory system
• Circulatory – regulate blood volume and pressure by altering urine
volume
• Reproductive – dispose of nitrogenous wastes; maintain acid-base
balance of blood; semen exits body through urethra of male
Warm-up (4/19 and 4/20)
• Turn in Quiz 4 to the tray
– Initial on the turn-in sheet
1. What structures in the small intestine increase surface
area and therefore diffusion?
2. Besides the kidneys, what other organs are part of the
excretory system?
3. When the digestive system breaks proteins down to their
monomers, what are you left with?
4. What elements do nucleic acids have that other organic
compounds don’t?
5. Why does pepsin (an enzyme in the stomach) only break
down proteins and not carbohydrates?
Muscular System
• Skeletal, Smooth, and
Cardiac muscle
• Works with skeletal
system to produce
voluntary movement,
helps circulate blood,
moves food through
digestive system
II. 3 Types of muscle
• Skeletal muscle –
usually attached to
bone, used for
voluntary movements
(dancing, winking),
consciously controlled
by the central nervous
system (CNS), has
alternating light and
dark bands (Striated)
b. Smooth muscle –
found in the walls of
internal organs and
blood vessels,
usually used for
involuntary
movements (move
food through
digestive tract,
change size of
pupils), spindleshaped (not striated)
c. Cardiac muscle –
found in the heart,
involuntary, striated
III. Muscle Movement
a. Muscles have to contract in a controlled
manner
b. Muscle contractions are stimulated by
impulses given off by motor neurons
attached to each muscle
c. Skeletal muscles produce movement
by working with the bones they are
attached to
d. Tendons – connective tissue that
attaches muscle to bone
e. Skeletal muscles work in opposing
pairs – as one muscle flexes, the other
one relaxes (Ex. biceps and triceps)
Interactions –
• Excretory – skeletal muscle forms voluntary sphincter of urethra
• Integumentary – exercise increases body heat & skin helps dissipate
that heat
• Skeletal – bones provide levers for muscle activity
• Nervous – facial muscle activity allows emotion expression,
stimulates/regulates muscle activity
• Endocrine – growth hormones/androgens influences skeletal muscle
strength/mass
• Digestive – muscular contractions move food through digestive tract
• Immune – physical exercise may enhance/depress immunity
• Respiratory – powers breathing
• Circulatory – skeletal muscle activity increase efficiency of
cardiovascular functioning;
• Reproductive – skeletal muscle supports pelvic organs
Skeletal System
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•
•
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Bones
Cartilage
Ligaments
Tendons
• Supports body,
protects internal
organs, allows
movement, stores
mineral reserves, site
for blood cell
formation
I. There are 206 bones
in the skeleton system
II. Two skeletons
a. Axial skeleton – supports the
central axis of body
(skull, vertebral column, rib cage)
b. Appendicular skeleton – arms,
legs, pelvis, shoulder
III. Joints – where one bone attaches to
another
-ligaments – holds bone together
a.
b.
Immovable (fixed) joints – bones are held
together or fused and allow no movement
(bones in the skull)
Slightly movable joints – bones are
separated slightly and allow a small
amount of restricted movement (vertebrae)
c. Freely movable joints – allow movement in
or more directions
i. Ball-and-socket joint – movement in
many directions (most movement
allowed)
ii. Hinge joint – back-and-forth motion
iii. Pivot joint – allows 1 bone to rotate
around another
iv. Saddle joint – allows 1 bone to slide in 2
directions
Joints
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Ball/Socket
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
Fixed
Slightly movable
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Knee
Skull
Thumb
Shoulder
Spine
Neck
Skeletal System Interactions –
• Nervous – supports and protects central nervous system
• Integumentary – holds up skin
• Excretory – supports and protects excretory organs
• Muscular – provides levers for muscular movement
• Endocrine – hormones stimulate bones to release calcium
• Digestive – protects and supports digestive organs
• Immune – bone marrow is the site of white blood cell formation
• Respiratory – protects and supports respiratory organs
• Circulatory – bone marrow is the site of blood cell formation
• Reproductive – protects and supports reproductive organs
Integumentary System
Integumentary System
•
•
•
•
Skin
Hair
Nails
Sweat and oil glands
• Serves as a barrier
against infection and
injury, regulates body
temperature, protects
against UV rays
Integumentary System
I. The integumentary system
serves as a protective
barrier and also a gateway
between the environment
and a person’s nervous
system
II. 2 Layers of skin
a. Epidermis – Outside layer of skin
i. Outside layer of epidermal cells make
keratin (a tough, fibrous protein),
eventually die, and form a tough, flexible,
waterproof covering on the surface (this
outside layer of dead cells is shed once
every 4-5 weeks)
ii. Inside layer of epidermal cells are living and
produce melanin (a dark brown pigment
that protects the skin by absorbing UV rays
from the sun
b. Dermis – Inside layer of skin
i. Contains collagen fibers, blood vessels,
nerve endings, smooth muscles, and hair
follicles
ii. To conserve heat on a cold day, blood
vessels in the dermis will constrict;
whereas, on a hot day, the vessels widen
to increase heat loss
iii. Sweat glands also produce sweat to cool
the body (heat is taken with the sweat as
it evaporates)
iv. Beneath the dermis is a third layer of fat
called the hypodermis which helps
insulate the body
c. Hair
i. Hair covers most exposed parts of
the body
1. Hair on head – protects from
UV rays, insulates from cold
2. Hair in nostrils, ears, and
around eyes – keep dirt and
other particles from entering the
body
Integumentary Interactions –
• Excretory – protects urinary organs; excretes salts and some waste
• Nervous – protects nervous system organs, contains sensory
neurons
• Skeletal – protects bones, synthesize Vitamin D needed to absorb
Calcium for bone health
• Muscular – protects muscle, contains motor neurons
• Endocrine – protects endocrine glands
Integumentary Interactions
(Cont.)
• Digestive – protect digestive organs; provides Vitamin D
• Immune – protects from pathogen invasion
• Respiratory – protects respiratory organs
• Circulatory – protects cardiovascular system; prevents fluid loss
• Reproductive – protects reproductive organs: modified sweat glands
produce milk
Lymphatic/Immune System
Lymphatic/Immune System
•
•
•
•
•
White blood cells
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph Nodes
Lymph Vessels
• Helps protect the
body form disease,
collects fluid lost from
blood vessels and
returns it to circulatory
system
Immune System Interactions –
• Excretory – pick up leaked fluid and proteins from urinary organs; protect
from pathogens
• Integumentary – pick up leaked plasma fluid and proteins from dermis;
protect from pathogens
• Skeletal – pick up leaked plasma fluid and proteins; protect bones from
pathogens
• Muscular – pick up leaked fluid and proteins from skeletal muscles; protect
from pathogens
• Endocrine – pick up leaked fluids and proteins; protect from pathogens
• Digestive - pick up leaked fluids and proteins; protect from
pathogens
• Nervous - pick up leaked fluids and proteins; protect from pathogens
• Respiratory – pick up leaked fluids and proteins; protect from
pathogens
• Circulatory – pick up leaked fluids and proteins; protect from
pathogens; destroys old red blood cells
• Reproductive – pick up leaked fluids and proteins; protect from
pathogens