Transcript Lab Safety - Tri-Valley Local Schools

Safety and
Rules of
the Lab
Safety Symbols
• Know safety symbols
• They appear in your
laboratory activities
• They will alert you
to possible dangers
• They will remind you
to work carefully
Use Your Head
• Exercise Caution and
Good Judgment
• Follow all instructions
given by the teacher
• Notify the teacher
immediately regarding
any accident or unsafe
areas
Use Your Head
• Read lab instructions ahead of time
• Always follow lab procedures exactly
• Never do an unauthorized experiment
Protect Yourself
Eye Safety
• Wear safety goggles when
working with chemicals, flames,
or heating devices
• or if possibility of flying debris
• If you wear contact
lenses let your
teacher know
Protect Yourself
Eye Safety
• In case of emergency
in which a chemical
goes into one’s eye,
use the eyewash
station (15 min.)
Protect Yourself
Proper Attire
• Keep all long hair
tied back
• Do not wear loose
clothing that could
catch on fire
• Foot wear that
completely covers the
foot is required
Protect Yourself
Hand Safety
• If a chemical spills on your skin, notify the
teacher and rinse with water for 15 minutes
• Wash hands after every lab
• Handle
glassware,
sharp tools
and heated
containers
carefully
Protect Yourself
Hand Safety
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Sharp Objects
• Always cut away from fingers
and body
• Always carry sharp objects
with points and tips facing
down and away
• Never try to catch falling
sharp instruments
• Grasp sharp instruments
only by the handles
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Sharp Objects
• Notify teacher if you get cut
• Broken glass and sharp objects
do not go in trash cans
• Teacher will clean up
broken glass
Electrical Safety
• Only electrical plugs
are to be placed into
an electrical outlet
• Unplug electrical
equipment after use
• Keep all electrical
cords, wires, and
appliances
away from
water
Physical Safety
• Handle all equipment carefully
• Do not place a cord where
someone can trip over it
• Push all stools in out of the
way
• Keep books picked up out
of walking isles
Heating Safety
• Tie back hair and loose
clothes when working
with open flames
• Never look into a
container as you
are heating it
• Never point the end of
a test tube being heated
at yourself or others
• Never heat in a closed container
Heating Safety
• Never leave a heat source unattended
• Heated metal and glass looks
cool, use tongs or gloves
before handling
• Do not place hot glassware
directly on lab desk or in
cold water
Chemical Safety
• Read all labels twice before removing
a chemical from the container
• Only use the type and
amount of chemical
instructed to use
• Never touch, taste, or
smell a chemical unless
instructed by the teacher
• Never mix chemicals
unless instructed to do so
Chemical Safety
• Transfer chemicals carefully!
• Keep lids on chemical
containers when not in use
• When diluting an acid, pour the
acid into water
• Consider all chemicals
dangerous
Animal Safety
• Only handle living organisms with
teacher permission
• Always treat living
organisms humanely
• Wash your hands
after handling
animals
Treatment of Specimen
• Respect the life of all
laboratory specimen
• They gave their life for
your education
Plant Safety
• Do not eat any plants in lab
• Wash your hands after
handling plants
• Tell your teacher of any
plant allergies
• Like any
organism, plants
should be
considered
possibly harmful
You Should Never…
• Enter store room
unless given
permission
• Take any chemicals
from lab or store
room
• Touch any equipment,
chemicals, or other
materials until
instructed to do so
You Should Never…
• Eat or drink in the lab
• Use lab glass-ware to
eat or drink out of
You Should Never…
• Engage in….
– practical jokes
– horse play
– rough house
In case of an emergency…
• Know the locations of:
–
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–
–
fire extinguisher
fire blanket
body shower
eyewash
station
– first aid kit
• If you spill a harmful
chemical on yourself or in
your eyes, start rinsing
immediately and send your
partner to get teacher’s help
Remember to…
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Stay at your work station
Maintain a clean work area
Read and follow all directions
Report any spills, accidents,
or injury to the teacher
immediately
• Clean and put away all equipment
at the end of the
lab period
• Dispose of waste products
according to instruction
Dissection Terms
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Anterior: Towards the front
Posterior: Towards the rear
Ventral: Towards the belly
Dorsal: Towards the backbone
Superior: Towards the top
Inferior: Towards the bottom
Medial: Towards the middle
Lateral: Towards the side
Prone
Position
Scalpel
Probe
Dissecting Pins
Dissecting Pan
Earthworms
• Terrestrial animals inhabiting the moist
soil.
• Usually found in the upper layer of soil to
a depth of 30-40cm.
• Nocturnal (active at night)
• During rainy season they come out and
crawl on the ground.
• During winter they close the burrows by
leaves and debris.
Earthworms Cont.
• There are about 500 species of
earthworms.
• Earthworms are hermaphroditic (have
both male and female reproductive organs).
• Some earthworms have the ability to
regenerate their lower halves if they are cut
off.
EARTHWORM
Body Segments
Prostomium
Peristomium
•14-16 segments: Clitellum
Glandular tissue covering
•Metameres 100-120
•Dorsal side- dark mid dorsal
line
•Ventral side- genital
openings
•Ant. End- Mouth,
Prostomium, Peristomium
Body apertures
1.
Spermathecal Pores
2.
Female genital Pores
3.
Male genital pores
4.
Nephridiopores
5.
Dorsal pores
6.
Anus
Cuticle, Epidermis, Two muscle layers, Coelomic Epithelium
The body wall is covered
externally by a thin noncellular cuticle. It is
followed by two muscle
layers and an inner most
coelomic epithelium.The
epidermis consists of
single layer of columnar
cells.Secretory gland cells
are also found among the
columnar cells
All segments except first and last
bear a ring of microscopic S-shaped
chitinous setae ,help in locomotion.by
gripping on the soil
T. S . o f b o d y w a l l s h o w i n g
Setae
Digestive system
It is a straight tube and
runs from the first to the
last segments. It consists
of
mouth(peristomium),buc
cal cavity , pharynx,
oesophagus,a muscular
gizzard, stomach,
intestine and anus
Circulatory system
In earthworm ,the circulation is closed
type.The circulatory system consists of
heart, blood vessels, capillaries and
blood glands
Excretory system
 Nephridia
Segmentally arranged
nephridia are the
excretory organs.
There are three types
of nephridia
septal,
integumentary and
pharyngeal.
The nervous system consists of segmentally
arranged ganglia and a ventral nerve cord.
A ganglion is a mass of nerve cells.
Nerve ring
Ventral Nerve cord
Sense Organs
Earthworm is
hermaphrodite or
bisexual .
Male reprodutive organs
•Testis
•Seminal vesicles
•Semimal funnels
•Vasa differentia
•Prostate glands
Reproductive
system
Female reproductive system
•Ovaries
•Oviduccal funnels
•Oviducts
•Spermatheca
[email protected]
Mouth
Sperm Duct
Clittelum
Mouth
Pin your worm at the tip of
the mouth and at its
midpoint.
Continue your cut to the
mouth
Start your incision 2 cm behind the
clittelum.
Make sure not to cut too deeply.
Begin to separate
the skin using pins
Pin the skin back as
you go along the
cut. Angle your pins
outward so that are
out of the way.
As you pin the
skin back, take
your probe and
break the
partitions
between the
segments.
These are called
Septum.
Pharynx
Aortic Arches – Earthworms
have 5 pair of these simple
hearts.
Aortic Arch
Seminal Vesicles
Seminal
Receptacles
Crop
Gizzard
Intestine
Dorsal Blood
Vessel
Ventral Nerve
Cord
Ventral Nerve
Cord
Brain
Nerve Cord
and Brain
Brain
AMPHIBIAN
CHARACTERISTICS
Moist, thin skin without scales
Aquatic larva changes to terrestrial adult
Feet without claws
Respiration with gills, lungs, skin, mouth
Closed 2 loop circulation
Ectothermic (cold blooded)
Eggs without shells or multicellular membranes
http://users.erols.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/V/Vertebrates.html
http://www.spekulantenguide.de/gifs/salamanderw.jpg
FROG
LATIN meaning
ANIMALIA
KINGDOM _____________
PHYLUM ____________________________
CHORDATA
VERTEBRATA “backbone”
SUBPHYLUM ___________________________
AMPHIBIA “double life”
CLASS _______________________________
ANURA
“without
a
tail”
ORDER _____________________________
Thin, moist skin – no scales
Mucous glands make it
“slimy”
Camouflage- for protection
Some have poison glands
http://www-binf.bio.uu.nl/dutilh/hall/kikkers.html
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/snc2g1/frogresp.htm
BREATHING WITH LUNGS is called
PULMONARY RESPIRATION
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/snc2g1/frogresp.htm
BREATHING THROUGH SKIN is called
CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION
ECTOTHERMIC
“cold blooded”
Body temperature is dependent on
surrounding environment
http://www.vanscyoc.net/randy/garden/wildlife/image4.htm
HIBERNATION/ ESTIVATION
FAT stored in FAT BODIES provides energy
Images from:
http://www.enc.org/Classroom_Calendar/CC_Units/Unit_Images/185.jpg
http://www.reptilis.org/pyxi/image5.htm
Nictitating membrane
image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html
NO CLAWS
image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html
EXIT OPENINGS
DIGESTIVE WASTE (feces) =
_________________
ANUS
Shared EXCRETORY &
REPRODUCTIVE EXIT =
_____________________________
UROGENITAL
PORE
(Urine & eggs or Urine & sperm)
EXIT OPENINGS
OPENING SHARED BY
EXCRETORY,
REPRODUCTIVE,
& DIGESTIVE =
______________
VENT
http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Amphibians.htm
What sex is it?
Images from:
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/frog_dissection.htm
Imagse from:
http://www.animationlibrary.com
http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology.htm
TONGUE attached at front not back like yours!
Muscular
Back of throat
Pulls food into
digestive system
image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html
image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html
Connect ears
to back of throat
image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html
GLOTTIS
Opening to
respiratory
GULLET
Opening to digestive
Images from:
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/frog_dissection.htm
Image from; http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20
Laboratory/frog%20dissection/frog%20dissection_files/frame.htm
Image from; http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20
Laboratory/frog%20dissection/frog%20dissection_files/frame.htm
Females may have black & white eggs
image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html
Pericardial membrane around heart
Mesentery holds intestines together
image from: http://www.manheimcentral.org/~tw005690/Frog/frog.htm
Mesentery holds intestines together
FAT BODIES
Store fat for
energy during
Hibernation
Estivation
Breeding
Image from:
http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html
Image from:
http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html
Image from:
http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html
http://www.health.auckland.ac.nz/departments/neurophysiology/public/teaching/alimentary_lectures/datashow/1-overview/gfx/pylorus.jpg
PYLORIC SPHINCTER
CONTROLS passage of food from stomach
into duodenum (intestine)
Gall Bladder
Image from: http://school.discovery.com/quizzes6/muskopf/frog.html
STOMACH:
Make acid and digestive enzymes
Start digestion (grind up food)
LIVER:
Make bile
Store glycogen
Store vitamins
Process toxins (including
nitrogen waste) for kidneys
GALL BLADDER
Store bile
PANCREAS
Pancreas (enlarged)
PANCREAS:
Makes TRYPSIN, INSULIN, GLUCAGON
TRYPSIN- breaks down proteins
INSULIN- tells cells to store glucose from
bloodstream as glycogen
GLUCAGON- tells cells to release stored
glucose to blood stream
SPLEEN
Produces and stores new RBC’s and processes old
worn out ones
http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/Biog101_104/tutorials/frog.html
SMALL
INTESTINE
DUODENUM
Receives trypsin and bile;
finishes digestion
ILEUM
Absorbs nutrients
VILLI
Increase surface area
http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/epithelium/wp_images/107%20villi.jpg
http://www.flushing.k12.mi.us/srhigh/tippettl/biology/frog/largeintestine.html
LARGE
INTESTINE
Removes water from
digestive waste;
concentrates feces
10 Body Systems :
___________________
EXCRETORY
Get rid of nitrogen waste made by cells
Nitrogen waste has different chemical forms:
AMMONIA
___________
UREA
__________
_____________
URIC ACID
MOST TOXIC
made from
ammonia by
liver
HUMANS
AMPHIBIANS
LEAST TOXIC
needs the least
water to dilute
BIRDS, REPTILES
FISH
ALL WASTE is NOT THE SAME!
DIGESTIVE wasteleft over from undigested food
travels through digestive system
leaves through digestive system as feces
EXCRETORY waste(Also called NITROGEN WASTE)
made by cells from break down of proteins
travels through blood stream
leaves through excretory system as
ammonia, urea, or uric acid
KIDNEYS- Remove nitrogen waste from blood and
dilute it with water to make urine; osmoregulation
Image from:
http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html
URINARY BLADDER
STORES URINE
MADE BY KIDNEYS
LARVAE (Tadpoles)
Excrete AMMONIA like fish
Adult frogs excrete
UREA to conserve water
http://www.manheimcentral.org/~tw005690/Frog/frog.htm
CLOACA
DIGESTIVE
EXCRETORY
REPRODUCTIVE
http://www.flushing.k12.mi.us/srhigh/tippettl/biology/frog/index.html
LUNGS:
GAS
EXCHANGE
http://www.stclement.pvt.k12.il.us/studentWeb/science98/GarrittPatM/alveoli.gif
Larvae breathe with GILLS
OVARIES
Make eggs
Image from:
http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html
Image from:
http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html
Carry eggs to cloaca
Add jelly coating
TESTES
MAKE SPERM
http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html
TESTES
KIDNEY
INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT
Grow legs; Lose tail
2 chambers  3 chambers
1 loop  2 loops
Breathe w/ gills  lungs & skin
Excrete ammonia  excrete urea
(gills & kidneys)
(kidneys)
http://saczoo.com/3_kids/images
Ways tadpoles are like fish
Have a LATERAL LINE
Breathe with gills
Excrete nitrogen waste as AMMONIA
(with gills & kidneys)
Have a 2 chamber heart
Have a 1 loop
circulatory system
HEART
3 chambered heart
Right atrium
Left atrium
Ventricle
Image from:
http://www.digitalfrog.com/resources/froggallery.html
Images from: http://www2.volstate.edu/msd/BIO/1020/Lab7ChordateII.htm
TADPOLES & FISH:
2 chambered heart
1 loop system
ADULT FROG:
3 chamber heart
2 loop system
MOST vertebrates have nuclei
in their RBC’s
RBCs’ image from:
http://www.fish-news.com/RG4001.jpg
Human RBC image from:
http://www.nigms.nih.gov/moleculestomeds/images/bloodcells.gif
MAMMALS DON’T
BRAIN
http://www.manheimcentral.org/~tw005690/Frog/frog.htm
Yellow Perch

This fish lives in ponds, lakes, and streams.
They need water with lots of vegetation (plants).
 Often school (group together), especially in deep
water. They come into shallow water to feed at
dawn and dusk.
Yellow Perch

Long fish for its size, growing up to 15 inches
long.
 Yellowish in color, with five to eight dark bars
going from its back almost to its belly. Its fins
are olive colored, except for its pelvic (chest)
fins, which are orange or red
Fish Anatomy

Operculum: Gill covering (protects soft gill tissue
and filaments).
 Swim Bladder: Air sac surrounded by muscles that
contract and relax to keep the fish buoyant (floating).
 Lateral Line: Sense organ that detects vibrations in
surrounding water.
 Fins: Aid swimming
Dorsal Fin: On Back (keep fish upright)
Caudal Fin: Tail (move forwards/backwards)
Pectoral Fin: Sides (move up/down)
Preparation & Examination

Locate major external anatomical parts:
 Dorsal Fin
 Posterior Dorsal
 Pectoral Fins
 Pelvic Fins
 Anal Fins
 Caudal Fin
 Gill Covers (operculum)
 Lateral line - sensory organ of fish

Remove several scales
Prepare a dry-mount of a scale.
Observe it under a microscope
What function do you think scales serve?
Dissection

Remove operculum with scissors
Observe gill anatomy
• Rakers - white, comb-like arches
• Filaments - Red fingerlike projections

With a scalpel, remove a section of the lateral line
What function does this organ serve?
Do you notice a concentration of nerve endings?

Begin the main incision
Open the abdomen (below the gill) carefully with a scalpel
Cut with a scissors: remove a oval-shaped piece of skin
(only skin) running from underneath the gills, to the anus,
up to the lateral line, along the lateral line, to the gill, down
to where you started the incision. Remove flap of skin
(see diagram on next slide)
Main Incision
Cut along the blue line...
• Only cut through scales, muscles, and skin
• Take special care not to cut too deep!
Anterior View
1. Gills
2. Heart
3. Liver
4. Pyloric caeca
5. Small intestine
6. Stomach
7. Swim bladder
Posterior View
1. Swim bladder
2. Gonad
3. Large intestine
4. Urinary bladder
5. Anus
Close-up: Body Cavity
Ovary
Muscle
Swim
Bladder
Eggs
Liver
Gastric
Cecae
Spleen
Small
Intestine
Stomach
Can you identify the parts?