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The Three Types of Blood Vessels Section 37-1 Vein Artery Endothelium Arteriole Capillary Venule Connectiv e tissue Connectiv e tissue Smooth muscle Endothelium Smooth muscle Endothelium Valve Chapter 18 Human Respiratory System Section 37-1 Figure 37-2 The Circulatory System Capillaries of head and arms Superior vena cava Pulmonary vein Capillaries of right lung Aorta Pulmonary artery Capillaries of left lung Inferior vena cava Capillaries of abdominal organs and legs Figure 37-3 The Structures of the Heart Section 37-1 Superior Vena Cava Large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium Aorta Brings oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body Pulmonary Arteries Bring oxygen-poor blood to the lungs Pulmonary Veins Bring oxygen-rich blood from each of the lungs to the left atrium Left Atrium Pulmonary Valve Prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it has entered the pulmonary artery Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium after it has entered the right ventricle Aortic Valve Prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after it has entered the aorta Mitral Valve Prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium after it has entered the left ventricle Left Ventricle Inferior Vena Cava Vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium Septum Right Ventricle Figure 37-10 Blood Clotting Break in Capillary Wall Clumping of Platelets Clot Forms Blood vessels injured. Platelets clump at the site and release thromboplastin. Thromboplastin converts prothrombin into thrombin.. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which causes a clot. The clot prevents further loss of blood.. Figure 37-11 The Lymphatic System Section 37-2 Superior vena cava Thymus Heart Thoracic duct Spleen Lymph nodes Lymph vessels The Respiratory System Figure 37-14 Gas Exchange in the Lungs Section 37-3 Alveoli Bronchiole Capillary Figure 37-15 The Mechanics of Breathing Section 37-3 Air exhaled Air inhaled Rib cage lowers Rib cage rises Diaphragm Diaphragm Inhalation Exhalation Figure 37-15 The Mechanics of Breathing Section 37-3 Air exhaled Air inhaled Rib cage lowers Rib cage rises Diaphragm Diaphragm Inhalation Exhalation Human Respiration video What three things are required to be a respiratory surface? What three things are required to be a respiratory surface? 1. THIN 2. MOIST 3. In contact with exchanging material Respiration • Respiration- is an organisms’ ability to create energy. (ATP) Respiration Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Alcoholic Lactic Acid Fermentation Fermentation The path Oxygen must travel along Your Respiratory System Nose (nasal cavity) Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles alveoli pleura diaphragm Human Respiration • Involves the process of cellular respiration and gas exchange a) cellular respiration: glucose + O2 H2O + CO2 + 36 ATP’s b) gas exchange: **exchange of gases between the internal and external environment with the use of lungs (I) Human Respiratory System • Composed of a network of passageways which permits air to flow from the external environment and into the lungs • Kept open By cartilaginous rings Human Respiratory system Diaphragm Nasal Cavity Structure Function Lined with: The cilia and mucus: • cilia 1. Filters air • mucus membrane 2. Warms air • hairs 3. Moistens air •Olfactory Nerve endings (Warmed air diffuses easier!!!) Pharynx Structure *Known as the throat region Function *It is an area in which both air and food pass through Larynx Structure Function *Also called the Adam’s apple *Humans use the larynx as a voice box which contains vocal cords that vibrate and produce sound as air passes through *or voice box *2 pairs of vibrating membranes Epiglottis Structure *A cartilaginous/ muscular flap Function *Covers the trachea when swallowing food Trachea Structure *AKA: windpipe **Kept open by rings of cartilage **Lined with a ciliated mucus membrane Function Breathing tube (One cigarette paralyzes the cilia for 20 minutes) Human Respiratory System Bronchi (bronchus = singular) Structure Function *Trachea divides into two *Two tubes air major divisions known as leading to the lungs bronchi **also contain cartilage rings ***The bronchi subdivide many times forming smaller tubules known as bronchioles Bronchioles Structure Function *Lack cartilage rings *Smallest air tubes within the **Tiny bronchioles lungs subdivide and terminate (end) with structures known as alveoli Lung: Smokers lung with cancer. White area on top is the cancer, this is what killed the person. Above: Normal city dwellers lung. Note black specks throughout indicative of carbon deposits from pollution. Human Respiratory System Alveoli (s. alveolus) Structure Function *thin, (like capillaries) *gas exchange between *moist *surrounded by capillaries the lung and the blood **increase surface area for gas exchange ***O2 diffuses into the blood from the alveoli and CO2 and water diffuse out of the blood and into the alveoli Alveoli Gas Exchange in the Lungs Alveoli Bronchiole Capillary Lung Capacity Lab (Vital capacity): My actual lung Capacity=4100cm3 (2) lungs measurements: 17cm x 6cm x 10cm = 2400 cm3 Balloon value= 3100cm3 Calculated Vital Capacity My height 66’’x 2.54cm=167.64 167.64 x 29 = 4861.56 cm3 Height x factors = capacity 41% Gas exchange Gas exchange Gas exchange Using complete sentences describe “how you breathe?” Diaphragm *Muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity **Causes Pressure within thoracic cavity (II) Breathing Process • Lungs are highly elastic (stretchable) • Breathing is controlled by the medulla • Movement of the diaphragm and ribcage causes pressure change in the chest cavity which moves air into and out of the lungs • The breathing rate is controlled by the concentration of CO2 in the blood • Inhalation- breathe in • Exhalation- breathe out When you breath you are inhaling and exhaling…. • Inhalation = O2 (oxygen) enters the body system • Exhalation =CO2 (carbon is passed out of the body dioxide) The Mechanics of Breathing Air exhale d Air inhaled Rib cage lowers Rib cage rises Diaphragm Diaphragm Inhalation Exhalation The Mechanics of Breathing Air exhaled Air inhaled Rib cage lowers Rib cage rises Diaphragm Diaphragm Inhalation Exhalation (II) Breathing Process (IV) Gas Exchange 1. In the blood, hemoglobin binds with oxygen from the alveoli to form oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) 2. Carbon dioxide is carried primarily in the plasma of the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) (IV) Gas Exchange --Bronchitis -Emphysema -Bronchitis -Asthma Many respiratory diseases are cause by abrasive agents: Asbestos -Cigarettes Asbestos •Asbestos fibers enter the body via inhalation or ingestion. •Many factors determine how exposure to asbestos will affect health and how severely. •These factors include: •How many fibers entered the body •How long the exposure to asbestos occurred •Whether or not the asbestos was inhaled or swallowed. •Inhalation of asbestos fibers can result in mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis, and impaired blood flow to the lungs due to enlargement of the heart. Cigarettes http://www.medbroadcast.com/video_ani/view_video_ani.html • 4000 chemicals and toxins in one puff on a cigarettes • 50 cancer causing agents • Tar, Nicotine, Ammonia, Formaldehyde, Arsenic (Rat poison) •Some other poisons in tobacco smoke that are inhaled by both smokers and passive smokers include: •nitrogen oxides, •hydrogen cyanide,(rat poison) •arsenic (white ant poison), •ammonia (floor cleaner), •phenol (paints), naphthalene (mothballs), •cadmium (car batteries), •urethane, •Acetone (paint stripper), •carbon monoxide (car exhaust), •DDT (insecticide) and •butane (lighter fuel). Bronchitis • Inflammation of the membrane of the bronchial tubes • Bronchitis is caused by viruses (common cold viruses, influenza virus, adenovirus) bacteria – ( Bordatella pertussis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae) or by other infectious organisms Asthma http://www.medbroadcast.com/video_ani/ • An aggravated/allergic Reaction • Constriction of the bronchial tubes Asthma •Cigarette smoke •Cockroaches •Dust mites •Mold •Pets and animals •Pollen •Cold air •Exercise •Stress •Respiratory infections •Don't panic •Breathe deep, slow and easy •Rest •Take your prescribed asthma medication •Call for help •Get to a doctor Emphysema *Disease in which the walls of the alveoli breakdown, **Decreasing surface area for gas exchange ***shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, and decreased lung capacity *****Caused by: Emphysema Emphysema Emphysema Normal lung capacity Loss of surface area Emphysema Normal lung capacity Patient 1 Patient 2 Pneumonia • The alveoli become filled with fluid, preventing gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries Lung Cancer What is C.F.? Babies are born with (Cystic Fibrosis) CF when they inherit faulty genes from both their parents. CF is a disease in which the secretions from various glands are thick and sticky instead of being watery and free flowing. The lungs and digestive system are particularly affected. A build up of thick mucus in the lungs reduces the ability to clear bacteria leading to cycles of infection and inflammation which damage the delicate lung tissues. Lung function is progressively lost and respiratory failure is the major cause of death in CF patients. The lower intestine can also become blocked by a build up of mucus, but the major digestive problem concerns the pancreas. Why we breath? You mean that respiration is different then breathing?? When’s the last time you saw a tree breath? What three things are required to be a respiratory surface?