Transcript Blue Sky Border

Respiratory and Urinary
Systems
Ridding the body of
waste products
Respiratory System
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
3
Respiratory System—Function
• To supply oxygen to the blood
while removing carbon dioxide
from the blood
• Filter, warm, and humidify air
• Some organs influence speech
and smell
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
4
Respiratory tracts
• Upper tract of respiratory system
includes:
– Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses
and pharynx
• Lower tract of respiratory system
includes:
– Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and
alveoli
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
5
Respiratory Organs
• Nose
–Only externally
visible part of
the RS
–Air enters body
through the
nares (nostrils)
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
6
Nose con’t:
• Left and right
nasal cavities are
separated by the
nasal septum
• Surface of nasal
cavities
arehairs
warm
•Nasal
help remove debris
andand
moist.
create a “current” sweeping
the debris to the stomach where it
is destroyed
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
7
Nose con’t:
• Olfactory nerve
receptors responsible
for smell lie in the
nasal mucosa
• 4 paranasal sinuses
drain into the nasal
cavities
– Frontal, sphenoid,
ethmoid and
maxillary
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
8
Nose con’t:
• The sinuses are
used to:
– Assist with
mucus production
– Lighten the skull
– Provide resonant
chambers for
sound production
7/21/2015
•2 nasolacrimal
ducts (drain tears
from eyes) drain
into the nose as
well.
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
9
Respiratory organs
• Pharynx = throat
– Muscular passageway
~13cm (5”) long
– Air and food use this
hallway to get to their
proper corridor
•Food travels from
•Air travels from
oropharynx to
laryngopharynx to
nasopharynx to
esophagus
oropharynx to
laryngopharynx to larynx
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
10
Pharynx con’t:
• Right and left auditory
(Eustachian) tubes
open into the pharynx
• Masses of lymphatic
tissue (tonsils) found
here
7/21/2015
•Pharyngeal tonsils
(adenoids) found in
the upper area of
the pharynx
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
11
Respiratory organs
• Larynx = Voicebox
– Composed of
several pieces of
hyaline (rigid)
cartilage
– Epiglottis covers
opening of larynx:
trapdoor
7/21/2015
•2 fibrous bands (vocal
cords) stretch across
interior of larynx
•Space between vocal
cords: glottis
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
12
Respiratory organs
• Trachea = Windpipe
– ~11cm (4”) long
– Lined with ciliated
mucosa which beat
OPPOSITE of air flow to
move
debris
away
from
–Smoking inhibits (and eventually
lungs
destroys) these cilia—debris will enter
lungs more frequently and have to be
coughed out. (Smoker’s cough)
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
13
Respiratory organs
• Primary Bronchi
– Formed by division
of trachea
– Branch into right
and left lungs
• Bronchioles
– Smallest conducting
passageways for air
to travel
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
14
Respiratory organs
• Alveoli—resemble
bunches of grapes
– Make up the bulk of
the lungs
– Walls of each alveolus
are composed of a
layer of epithelial cells
(thinner than a piece
of tissue paper)
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
15
Alveoli con’t:
• External surface of each alveolus is
covered with a network of capillaries to
enable gas exchange
• A surfactant covers each alveolus to
prevent it from collapsing as air goes in
and out. This surfactant is secreted very
shortly before birth, which is why premature
babies have breathing issues!
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
16
Respiratory organs
• Lungs—weigh
about 2 ½ #
– Occupy entire
thoracic cavity
except for the
most central area
– Apex (top) of
each lung lies just
deep to the
clavicle
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
17
Lungs con’t:
• Base of each lung rests
on the diaphragm
•Right side has
3 lobes, left side
has 2 lobes
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
18
Respiratory organs
• Pleura
–Visceral pleura
covers outer
surface of lungs
and parietal
pleura lines inner
surfaces of rib
cage
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
19
Pleura con’t:
• Interpleural
space normally
holds just enough
fluid to help make
it slippery
7/21/2015
•This slippery
surface allows
lungs to glide
inside the
chest cavity
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
20
Pleura con’t:
• if air gets in, it will
cause additional
pressure and
lung collapses.
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
21
Physiology of Respiration
• Respiration is made up of 4 distinct
events
– Pulmonary ventilation—breathing air
into/out of lungs
• Inspiration: diaphragm and intercostal
muscles contract which opens the thoracic
cavity. This causes a vacuum and air rushes
into lungs
• Expiration: normally a passive process. As
the muscles relax, the thoracic cavity becomes
smaller so that air is “forced” out of lungs
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
22
Physiology con’t:
• External respiration—gas
exchange between blood and the
alveoli via the capillaries
surrounding the alveoli (takes
place in the lungs)
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
23
Physiology con’t:
• Respiratory gas exchange
(Circulatory system function)—
O2/CO2 must be transported to/from
the lungs and cells of body
• Internal respiration (Circulatory
system function)—gas exchange
made at the capillaries
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
24
Respiratory Definitions
• Tidal volume (normal breath)--~500
ml in and out
• Vital capacity—largest amount of
expelled air in one expiration (~4800
in a normal male)
• Inspiratory reserve volume—volume
of air forcibly inhaled after inhaling
tidal volume
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
25
Respiratory Definitions
• Expiratory Reserve volume—volume
of air forcibly exhaled after expiring
tidal volume
• Residual volume—air that remains in
the lungs and cannot be forced out.
This is important so that gas
exchange is a continuous process
even in between breaths.
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
26
Urinary System
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
27
Urinary System organs
• Kidneys—General
Information
– Located just above
waistline; about the
same size as a
large bar of soap
– Right kidney is a bit
lower than the left
(crowded by the
liver)
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
28
Kidneys con’t:
• Adipose capsule (heavy cushion of
fat) helps keep kidney in place
• Renal capsule—fibrous
transparent enclosure giving the
kidney its shiny appearance
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
29
Kidneys con’t:
• Kidneys continuously
cleanse/monitor blood
so it has a rich supply
of blood vessels.
• ¼ of total blood
volume passes
through the kidneys
every minute of every
day!
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
30
Kidney—function
• Form urine—waste
products are filtered
from blood and enter
nephron. Additional
wastes may be
secreted into urine as
well.
• Helps to regulate
many substances in
the blood
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
31
Kidneys con’t:
• Internal structure
– Renal cortex—
outer part of
kidney
– Renal medulla—
inner portion;
made up of many
triangular regions
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
32
Kidney Internal structure con’t:
• Medullary pyramids—
triangle divisions of
medulla
•Apex—narrow,
innermost end of
a pyramid
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
33
Kidney Internal structure con’t:
• Renal
pelvis—
expansion of
the upper end
of the ureter
•Calyx—extensions of the
pelvis that enclose the tips of
the pyramids to collect urine
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
34
Kidney con’t:
• Nephron—
microscopic
functional unit of
the kidney
– More than one
million per kidney
– Look like tiny
funnels
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
35
Kidney con’t:
• Nephrons are
composed of a
glomerulus (knot
of capillaries) and
a renal tubule
•At the end of the renal tubule is a
cuplike structure called the Bowman’s
capsule that surrounds the glomerulus
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
36
Formation of Urine
• Combination of
three
processes:
–Filtering
–Reabsorption
–Secretion
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
37
Formation of Urine
• Filtration—continuous process in
each glomerulus
–125ml/min = 180 L fluid filtered by
kidneys each day…no one voids that
much!
–Most of the filtered substances are
reabsorbed into the body.
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
38
Formation of Urine
• Reabsorption
–~178 L/day of liquid is reabsorbed
into body
–Glucose (usually) , amino acids,
etc—anything the body needs will
usually be reabsorbed.
–Sodium reabsorption rates vary—
depending on amount in body
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
39
Reabsorption con’t:
• Nitrogenous wastes are not reabsorbed
– Urea—formed by liver as end product of
protein breakdown when amino acids are
used as energy
– Uric acid—when nucleic acids are broken
down
– Creatine—generally associated with
physiology of muscles
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
40
Formation of Urine
• Secretion
–H+, K+, and drugs are deposited
into urine
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
41
Characteristics of Urine
• Freshly voided urine is generally clear
(not cloudy)
• Pale to deep yellow in color
–Yellow color from urochrome—a
pigment that results from breakdown
of hemoglobin
• Urine is sterile
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
42
Characteristics of Urine
• There is a slight aromatic odor in fresh
urine (not unpleasant). If allowed to
stand, urine takes on the ammonia smell
due to the action of bacteria on urine
solutes.
• If addition, some drugs, foods, and
various diseases can alter the smell of
urine
• pH = ~6
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
43
Urinary System Organs
• Ureters
– Tubes carrying
urine from
collecting tubules
into bladder
– ~6mm wide and
25 – 30cm (1012”) long
7/21/2015
–Peristalsis
encourages urine
down to bladder
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
44
Urinary System Organs
• Bladder
– Location
• Empty, just behind pubic
symphysis
• Full, projects upward into
lower portion of abdominal
cavity
7/21/2015
Function
Elastic fibers and involuntary muscle in
wall of bladder make it suitable to
contract and expand as needed to hold
urine.
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
45
Urinary System Organs
• Urethra
– Carries urine from
bladder to outside
of the body
– Opening is called
the urinary meatus
– 4cm (1 1/2”) long in
females; 20cm (8”)
long in males
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
46
Micturition
• Another name for urination/voiding
• 2 sphincters (internal urethral/external
urethral) close passageway of urethra to
allow bladder to fill
• Usually void at 350ml; urge can begin at
150ml.
• Reflex contractions of internal sphincter will
stop after about 1 minute. You will
eventually void whether you want to or not.
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
47
Pathologies
Disorders
• SIDS—Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
– Infants in seemingly good health die in
their sleep. Some cases are attributed to
breathing mechanisms not functioning
correctly, others of heart abnormalities.
Most cases of unexplained infant death
get listed as SIDS
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
49
Disorders
• Cystic Fibrosis
– Most common
lethal genetic
disease
– Oversecretion of
mucus that clogs
the respiratory –Affects other systems
passages putting as well—digestive
person (usually a system (clogs ducts that
child) at risk for deliver pancreatic
fatal infections enzymes and bile to SI)
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
50
Disorders
• Emphysema—
condition where the
alveoli enlarge; this
chronic inflammation
leads to fibrosis of the
lungs.
7/21/2015
•Fibrosis makes
the lungs less
elastic so people
have to force air in
AND OUT of the
lungs…leaving
them exhausted.
•Usually caused by
smoking
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
51
Disorders
• Pneumonia—lung infection that can be
caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or
parasites.
– Most commonly caused by viruses.
• Bronchitis—mucosa of the lower
respiratory passages are severely inflamed
and producing excessive amounts of
mucus. This excess mucus impairs
ventilation and gas exchange.
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
52
Disorders
• Sinusitis—infection of the sinuses
• Sinus headache—passages from the
sinuses to nose are blocked causing a
partial vacuum and a localized
headache in the sinuses occurs.
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
53
Disorders
• Asthma—caused by chronically
inflamed, hypersensitive bronchial
passages that respond to many
irritants with coughing, wheezing,
and impaired respiration.
• Pleurisy—inflammation of the
pleura
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
54
Urinary Disorders
• Ptosis—amount of fatty tissue
surrounding kidneys declines to such an
extent that the kidneys drop—can cause
ureters to kink
• Oliguria—abnormally low urine output
(100 – 400ml/day). Usually indicates a
problem with the kidneys’ ability to filter
wastes
• Anuria—less than 100ml of urine
produced per day
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
55
Urinary Disorders
• Polyuria—an excess of 2.5L of urine
produced a day.
• Incontinence—voiding involuntarily
• UTI—Urinary Tract Infection
–Any infection of any portion of the
kidneys, ureters, bladder or
urethra.
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
56
Urinary Disorders
• Renal calculi—kidney stones
– Concentrated urine solutes in the kidneys
form crystalline “stones” that they have to
pass through the ureters and out the
urethra. The ureters are much narrower
than the urethra, so the passage from
kidney to bladder is the most agonizing
• Renal colic—pain caused by passing
kidney stone
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
57
Urinary Disorders
7/21/2015
Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com
58