Transcript Human Body Systems DR. I MCSNEER

Human Body Systems
Technology Project
by R. Leonard
Human Body Systems
THE
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER
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WAY
Digestive
Respiratory
Integumentary
Immune
Lymphatic
Muscular
Circulatory
Skeletal
Nervous
Endocrine
Excretory
Reproductive
And Levels of Organization
Human Body Systems
This slide presentation is meant to help you
study the major systems of the human body.
Use it as an introduction or as a review. Follow
the instructions as you move along to explore
and learn. You can go through the entire
program slide by slide, or you skip to focus on
any one system.
http://www.parentingpress.com/pics/sock_cvr.jpg
Believe it
or not,
you are
organized!
The main levels of organization are…
Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, and You (the Organism).
Well, at least your body is!
Can you
identify
&
label the 3
levels of
organization
shown here?
Levels of Organization
The Human Body has several “layers” of organization beginning with the
simplest and becoming more complex.
Answers to previous slide: cell, tissue, organ (small intestine).
http://www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/chem/levels.jpg
By the way, is your room “organized” like this!?!?
Here They Are: Your Body Systems (Part 1).
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/147a.gif
And Your Body Systems (Part 2)
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/lect_19.htm
So Let’s Begin!
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Integumentary System
(It’s Your Skin!)
Your skin covers your body and
prevents the loss of water. It
protects the body from injury
and infection. The skin also
helps to regulate body
temperature, eliminate wastes,
gather information about the
environment, and produce
vitamin D. The skin is
organized into two main layers,
the epidermis and the dermis.
Can You Name the Parts of Your Skin?
Skin Anatomy
What is Botox?
Botox is the commercial
name given to a toxin
which is produced from
botulism toxin. a medical
protein that is injected
into a muscle to cause
temporary (months)
paralysis of that muscle.
This helps prevent the
appearance of wrinkles.
With Botox will everyone look
the same? What do you think?
Now It’s On To Your Skeletal System
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Skeletal System
Your Skeleton’s Functions
Your skeleton has five
major functions. It
provides shape and
support, enables you to
move, protects your
internal organs,
produces blood cells,
and stores certain
materials until your
body needs them
The Structure of Bone
Many bones have the same basic structure. A thin,
tough membrane covers all of a bone except the
ends. Blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the
bone through the membrane. Beneath the
membrane is a layer of compact bone, which is
hard and dense, but not solid. Small canals run
through the compact bone, carrying blood vessels
and nerves from the bone’s surface to the living
cells within the bone. Just inside the compact bone
is a layer of spongy bone, which has many small
spaces within it.
Bone Anatomy
Cartilage
Cartilage provides a
smooth surface between
bones or sometimes a
more flexible extension
of bone, as in the tip of
your nose. As an infant,
much of your skeleton
was cartilage. By the
time you stop growing,
most of the cartilage
will have been replaced
with hard bone tissue.
Joints
A joint is a place in the body
where two bones come
together. Joints allow bones to
move in different ways.
Immovable joints connect
bones in a way that allows little
or no movement. Movable
joints allow the body to make a
wide range of movements.
Movable joints include balland- socket joints, pivot joints,
hinge joints, and gliding joints.
The bones in movable joints are
held together by a strong
connective tissue called a
ligament.
Take Care of Your Bones!
A combination of a
balanced diet and regular
exercise can start you on
the way to a lifetime of
healthy bones. As people
become older, their bones
begin to lose some
minerals. Mineral loss can
lead to osteoporosis, a
condition in which the
body’s bones become weak
and break easily. Regular
exercise and a diet rich in
calcium can help prevent
osteoporosis.
Do You Know Your Bones?
Fill in the blanks on the next slide or on your
handout, and check the following slide for
the answers.
Test Your Knowledge
How Did You
Do?
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a
disease in which
bones become
fragile and more
likely to break. If not
prevented or if left
untreated,
osteoporosis can
progress painlessly
until a bone breaks.
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Muscular System
Types of Muscles
Your body has three types of muscle
tissue—skeletal muscle, smooth muscle,
and cardiac muscle.
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscles are
attached to the bones of
your skeleton. Because
you have conscious control
of skeletal muscles, they
are classified as voluntary
muscles. These muscles
provide the force that
moves your bones.
Skeletal muscles react
quickly and tire quickly. At
the end of a skeletal
muscle is a tendon. A
tendon is a strong
connective tissue that
attaches muscle to bone.
Note- ligaments connect
bones together.
Smooth Muscle
Smooth muscles
are called
involuntary
muscles because
they work with
your conscious
effort.
Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles
found only in the heart. Cardiac muscles
do not get tired.
A Cardiac Muscle Cell
Voluntary Muscles
The muscles that
are under your
direct control are
called voluntary
muscles. Smiling
and turning the
pages in a book
are actions of
voluntary
muscles
Involuntary Muscle Action
The muscles that are not under your
conscious control are called involuntary
muscles. Your colon (left) is lined with
smooth muscle, and your heart (right) is
comprised of cardiac muscle which works
automatically pumping blood around your
body.
How Do Muscles Work?
Muscles work by contracting, or becoming shorter and
thicker. Because muscle cells can only contract, not extend,
skeletal muscles must work in pairs. While one muscle
contracts, the other muscle in the pair returns to its
original length. For example, in order to move the lower
arm, the biceps muscle on the front of the upper arm
contracts to bend the elbow. This lifts the forearm and
hand. As the biceps contracts, the triceps on the back of
the upper arm returns to its original length. To straighten
the elbow, the triceps muscle contracts while the biceps
returns to its original length.
Anatomy Of A Muscle
Can You Name the Major Muscles of your
Body. Try It!
Some More Muscles
Some Major Voluntary Muscles
It’s on to the Nervous System
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Nervous System
Your nervous system receives information about
what is happening both inside and outside your
body. It also directs the way in which your body
responds to this information. In addition, the
nervous system helps maintain homeostasis. A
stimulus is any change or signal in the environment
that can make an organism react
Your Nervous System
Your nervous
system consists of
the central and
peripheral
systems. The
central nervous
system (CNS),
includes the brain
and spinal cord;
the peripheral
system includes
the nerves to the
rest of the body.
What Is Homeostasis?
Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
Homeostasis is one of the fundamental characteristics of living
things. It refers to the maintenance of the internal environment
within tolerable limits. All sorts of factors affect the suitability of
our body fluids to sustain life; these include properties like
temperature, salinity, acidity, and the concentrations of
nutrients and wastes. Because these properties affect the
chemical reactions that keep us alive, we have built-in
physiological mechanisms to maintain them at desirable levels.
When a change occurs in the body, there are two general ways
that the body can respond. In negative feedback, the body
responds in such a way as to reverse the direction of change.
Because this tends to keep things constant, it allows us to
maintain homeostasis. On the other hand, positive feedback is
also possible. This means that if a change occurs in some
variable, the response is to change that variable even more in
the same direction. This has a de-stabilizing effect, so it does
not result in homeostasis. Positive feedback is used in certain
situations where rapid change is desirable (see Positive
Feedback for an example).
To illustrate the components involved in negative feedback, we
can use the example of a driver trying to stay near the speed
limit. The desired value of a variable is called the set point.
Here, the set point is a speed of 55 mph; in controlling body
temperature, the set point would be 98.6 degrees. The control
center is what monitors the variable and compares it with the
set point. Here, the control center is the driver; for body
temperature, it would be the hypothalamus of the brain. If the
variable differs from the set point, the control center uses
effectors to reverse the change. Here, the effector is the foot on
the accelerator pedal; in controlling body temperature, it would
include the glands that sweat and the muscles that shiver.
Web Sources and Resources: http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/gas.html
Neurons
The cells that carry information through your nervous system
are called neurons, or nerve cells. The message that a neuron
carries is called a nerve impulse. A neuron has a large cell body
that contains the nucleus. The cell body has threadlike
extensions. One kind of extension, a dendrite, carries impulses
toward the cell body. An axon carries impulses away from the
cell body. Axons and dendrites are sometimes called nerve
fibers. A bundle of nerve fibers is called a nerve.
The Anatomy of a Neuron
A NEURON viewed under a electron
microscope. Can you locate the cell
body, axon, and dendrites?
Your Central Nervous SystemThe Brain and Spinal Cord
Central & Peripheral Nervous
Systems Working Together
The yellow
parts are CNS
parts and the
purple are
parts of your
peripheral
nervous
system.
Reflexes: Some nerve signals go
only to the spinal cord and back.
The knee jerk reflex (seen in the figure to the above) is called a
monosynaptic reflex. This means that there is only 1 synapse in
the neural circuit needed to complete the reflex. It only takes
about 50 milliseconds of time between the tap and the start of the
leg kick...that is fast. The tap below the knee causes the thigh
muscle to stretch. Information is sent to the spinal cord. After one
synapse in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, the information is
sent back out to the muscle...and there you have the reflex.
Your Brain- The Command Center
The human brain is a complex organ
that allows us to think, move, feel, see,
hear, taste, and smell. It controls our
body, receives information, analyzes
information, and stores information
(our memories).
The brain produces electrical signals,
which, together with chemical
reactions, let the parts of the body
communicate. Nerves send these
signals throughout the body.
The average human brain weighs about
3 pounds. At birth, the human brain
weighs less than a pound. As a child
grows, the number of cell remains
relatively stable, but the cells grow in
size and the number of connections
increases. The human brain reaches its
full size at about 6 years of age.
Most nerve signals are interpreted by
your brain and motor nerves then carry
out your instructions.
The Stroop Effect- Your
Brain Can Get Confused!
TRY IT!- The famous "Stroop Effect" is named after
J. Ridley Stroop who discovered this strange
phenomenon in the 1930s. Here is your job: name
the colors of the following words. Do NOT read the
words...rather, say the color of the words. For
example, for the word BLUE, you should say "RED".
Say the colors as fast as you can. It is not as easy as
you might think!
Major Brain Sections
cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem
Your Brain Has Very
Complicated Anatomy All
Its Own!
Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer's disease attacks
the brain; it is not a normal
part of aging. People with AD
have a gradual memory loss
and difficulties with language
and emotions.
The progressive loss of
intellectual abilities is termed
dementia. As the disease
advances, the person may
need help in all aspects of life:
bathing, eating, and using the
restroom.
Because of this round-theclock care, families and
friends of people with AD are
greatly affected. The disease
is irreversible and there is
currently no cure.
Ouch! In the movie MATRIX, Neo and
the others are plugged into the matrix
through their CNS !
(Central Nervous System)
Your Senses Are Your Nervous System’s
Bridge to the Outside World
Sight, Taste, Touch, Hearing, Smell
Web Sources and Resources: Usborne Science Encyclopedia pgs. 370-375 and Quicklink Images
Quick Quiz
How well do you
know your own
nervous system?
Fill in the blanks
on the slides that
follow. Then go
back and check
your work if
needed.
Which Way Does The Impulse Travel?
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Respiratory System
The Functions of Your Respiratory System
Your respiratory system moves oxygen from the outside
environment into your body. It also removes carbon dioxide and
water from your body (this image shows all the tiny bronchioles
that carry air into your alveoli for gas exchange).
The Path of Air
Please label the parts of your respiratory system on your
handout. Can you describe the path that air takes as it enters
and leaves your body?
Check Your Answers Here.
How You Breathe 1: The Diaphragm
How You Breathe 2: The Alveoli
The Respiratory and Circulatory
Systems: Working Together.
Working
together the
respiratory and
circulatory
systems form
the cariopulmonary
system, which is
an integral
connection
between the
heart and lungs.
The Cardio-Pulmonary System
Respiratory Disease: Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of the
lungs most commonly caused by a bacteria or virus.
Pneumonia can also be caused by inhaling vomit or
other foreign substances.
Web Sources and Resources
www.medimagery.com/Respiration/ lungs.html
Respiratory Disease: Lung Cancer
The cancerous lung (right) shows how much damage
smoking can do over time to your respiratory system.
X-Rays can help detect cancer, and surgery and
radiation are some treatments for the disease.
Web Sources and Resources
www.smm.org/heart/lessons/ lesson11.htm
Please Take Care of Your
Lungs and Don’t Smoke
Web Sources and Resources:
Usborne Science Encyclopedia pgs. and Quicklink Images
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Circulatory System
Your Circulatory System is Responsible for Delivering
and Removing Materials from Every Cell in Your Body
Web Sources and Resources
Usborne Human Body: Quicklinks
Blood
Blood is the fluid of life, transporting oxygen from
the lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide from
body tissue to the lungs.
Because it contains living cells, blood is alive. Red
blood cells and white blood cells are responsible for
nourishing, cleansing, and protecting the body.
Since the cells are alive, they too need
nourishment. Vitamins and Minerals keep the blood
healthy. The blood cells have a definite life cycle,
just as all living organisms do.
Approximately 55 percent of blood is plasma, a
straw-colored clear liquid. The liquid plasma carries
the solid cells and the platelets which help blood
clot. Without blood platelets, you would bleed to
death.
When the human body loses a little bit of blood
through a minor wound, the platelets cause the
blood to clot so that the bleeding stops. Because
new blood is always being made inside of your
bones, the body can replace the lost blood. When
the human body loses a lot of blood through a
major wound, that blood has to be replaced
through a blood transfusion from other people.
Can You Name The Major Parts of Your
Heart and Trace Its Blood Flow? Try It.
Now Check To See How You Did.
Heart Dissections
Your Heart is a Very Muscular Organ!
Artificial Hearts
The action of the artificial heart is entirely similar to the action of the
natural heart. There is, however, one huge difference: the natural heart
is living muscle, while the artificial heart is plastic, aluminum, and
Dacron polyester. As a result, the artificial heart needs some external
source of "life." An external power system energizes and regulates the
pump through a system of compressed air hoses that enter the heart
through the chest. Since the system is cumbersome and open to
infection, the use of an artificial heart is meant to be temporary.
•http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/healthy/fake.html
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Digestive System
Your digestive
system is like
a complicated
chemical
processing
plant, and
performs many
functions.
What major tasks does your digestive
system help you accomplish?
Your Digestive System…
…breaks down food
into molecules the
body can absorb.
…passes these
molecules into the
blood to be carried
throughout the body.
…works to eliminate
solid wastes from the
body.
The Parts
of
Your
Digestive
System
How well
do you
know
them?
Label the
parts of your
digestive
system on
your
handout;
then correct
them using
the following
slide.
Parts of Your Digestive System
Now for the
Digestive
Journey
The Digestive Journey
Digestion begins in your mouth with action of your teeth
and tongue (mechanical digestion) and your salivary
glands (chemical digestion).
The salivary glands produce enzymes that are mixed with
the food, breaking down the starches. Peristalsis is the
muscular action that moves the food through the
esophagus and into your stomach after you swallow.
Your Stomach
The food moves into your stomach, which contains chemicals
such as hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Pepsin breaks proteins,
and other enzymes break down fat. Your stomach gradually
releases these materials into the upper small intestine
(duodenum), where digestion is completed. Your stomach also
has a thick coating of mucus to protect it form the acids and to
keep it from digesting itself!
By the way, your stomach really
does look like a muscular bag!
Your Liver, Pancreas, and Gall Bladder
Located in the upper portion of your
abdomen, your liver is the largest
and heaviest organ of your body. It
is like a busy chemical factory that
plays many roles. For example, your
liver breaks down many substances
and toxins, and produces bile- a
substance that helps break down
fat. The bile flows from the liver into
the gall bladder, where it is stored
until needed. The pancreas lies
between the stomach and the
duodenum and produces enzymes
that flow into the small intestines,
helping to break up complex
starches, proteins, and fats.
Your Small & Large Intestines
After the solid food has been
digested the fluid remaining is
called chyme When it is
thoroughly digested it passes
through an opening (called the
pylorus sphincter) into the small
intestines. In the small intestines
all the nutrients are absorbed
leaving undigestible wastes.
These wastes pass into the large
intestines, where water is
removed. Then the wastes are
stored in the rectum until they are
released by the anus.
Cross Section of Your Intestines
The Villi add surface area to increase absorption of food and
nutrients. On the left you see how the villi line your small
intestines, and on the left you see 1 villi with its capillaries.
It’s a (Intestinal) Gas, Baby!
The human large intestine, or colon, is
home to many microorganisms, such as
the bacterium Escherischia coli (E. coli).
Certain foods contain large amounts of
carbohydrates that our digestive enzymes
cannot break down.
When these carbohydrates reach the large
intestine, our gut microbes respond by
"having a party“ (reproducing rapidly,
giving off gases such as methane and
hydrogen sulfide as natural by-products of
their activities). This is the cause of the
discomfort and flatulence associated with
eating beans, cabbage, and other gaspromoting foods.
Fortunately for gas sufferers, the enzymes
that enable our microbes to break down
complex carbohydrates are now available
in pill form. If these are taken before a
meal, the enzymes break down the
carbohydrates in the small intestine so
that they can be absorbed by the body
before they reach the hungry throngs of
bacteria living in the colon.
Web Sources and Resources: http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/gas.html
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Excretory System
Your excretory system collects wastes produced by
cells and removes these wastes from your body. The
removal process is known as excretion. The two
kidneys are the major organs of the excretory
system. The kidneys filter your blood and remove
urea, excess water, and some other waste materials
from your blood. Urea is a chemical that comes from
the breakdown of proteins. The filtering process
produces a watery fluid called urine. Each kidney
contains about a million nephrons.
Kidney Tubules (Nephrons)
Urine Production
The kidneys regulate the body fluids, maintaining desirable
levels of acids and bases, salts, nutrients and wastes. Each
kidney is made up of over a million tiny tubes known as
nephrons, or kidney tubules. The tubules act in parallel to
filter the blood and produce the urine. As the blood filtrate
passes along the tubule, the composition of the fluid is
changed in complex ways. In some ways the tubule
resembles an industrial processing plant, and the cells
lining the walls of the tubule can be thought of as
technicians who modify the filtrate as it passes by. The first
step in urine production is called filtration. This occurs at
the glomerulus, which is really a ball of capillaries that
makes close contact with the end of the nephron. Driven
by the beating of the heart, blood plasma (the fluid
component of blood) is forced out of the capillaries and
into the nephron. Because this transfer occurs through
narrow spaces (represented by a sieve in the cartoon), the
larger molecules (mainly proteins) are left behind in the
blood. Blood cells (not shown in the cartoon) are many
times larger still, and are also left behind.
Finally, the tubule empties its contents into one of the many
collecting ducts. The urine now contains a concentrated
solution of whatever the body currently considers to be
"wastes." Water continues to be reabsorbed in the
collecting duct, so that little water is wasted in the process
of excretion (elimination of wastes). Finally, all the urine
collects together in the kidney and is passed out through
the ureter, and from there to the bladder.
Web Sources and Resources:http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/gas.html
Kidney Stones
Kidney stones are created
when certain substances in
urine -- including calcium and
uric acid -- crystallize and the
crystals clump together.
Usually, they form in the
center of the kidney, where
urine collects before flowing
into the ureter, the tube that
leads to the bladder. Small
stones are able to pass out of
the body in the urine and
often go completely
unnoticed. But larger stones
irritate and stretch the ureter
as they move toward the
bladder, causing excruciating
pain and blocking the flow of
urine. Rarely, a stone can be
as large as a golf ball, in
which case it remains lodged
in the kidney, creating a more
serious condition
Thank You For Visiting Human Body
Systems by DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER!
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Immune System
Your Immune System
Your Immune system
protects you from
foreign invaders.
Special cells react to
each kind of pathogen
with a defense
targeted specifically at
that pathogen.
http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1996/illpres/introduction.html
Your Immune System Has Many
Specialized Cells!
White blood cells that
target specific pathogens
are called lymphocytes.
There are two major kinds
of lymphocytes—T cells
and B cells.
A major function of T cells
is to identify pathogens by
recognizing their antigens.
Antigens are molecules
that the immune system
recognizes as either part
of your body, or as coming
from outside your body. B
cells produce chemicals
called antibodies.
How Your Immune System Works
Our immune system protects us against threats.
These include viruses, bacteria and parasites causing
infectious diseases, from ordinary flu to full-blown
malaria. The white blood cells of the defense system
are produced in the marrow of our bones. The cells
are carried in the blood to specialized organs, where
they develop and communicate to launch immune
responses against infections.
•http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1996/illpres/introduction.html
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Lymphatic System
The Functions of Your
Lymphatic System
Your lymphatic system and the
cardiovascular system are closely
related structures that are joined
by a capillary system. The
lymphatic system is important to
the body's defense mechanisms. It
filters out organisms that cause
disease, produces certain white
blood cells and generates
antibodies. It is also important for
the distribution of fluids and
nutrients in the body, because it
drains excess fluids and protein
so that tissues do not swell up.
http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/sigbio/project/updated-lymphatic/node_p2.gif
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Endocrine System
The endocrine system is a
collection of special organs in
the body that produce
hormones. These organs are
usually called the "glands."
They are located in different
parts of the body. For
example, the pituitary is in
the brain, the thyroid is in the
neck, the adrenal glands are
just alone the kidneys and the
sexual glands (ovaries and
testes) are located in the
sexual organs. Each gland
produces a hormone into the
blood, which travels all
through the body. Hormones
regulate our body activities,
for example growth, sleep,
sudden actions, feelings and
blood sugar for energy.
Try These Sites for More Info
Note if they don’t work by clicking on them,
just type the address into your browser.
• A Look Inside the Human Body
http://www4.tpgi.com.au/users/amcgann/body/
• MY BODY FOR KIDS
http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/body/mybody.html
• Find out how your body works!
http://yucky.kids.discovery.com/noflash/body/index.h
tml
• Take and Anatomy Quiz at the Smithsonian
http://americanhistory.si.edu/anatomy/bodyparts/nm
a03_bodyparts.html
• Hillendale Health Site- Learn About Your Body
http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/health_index.html