Transcript Mini Med School

Grayslake Central High School
Human Body Systems
This slide presentation is meant to help you study the
major systems of the human body.
Use it as an introduction or as a review. Follow the
instructions as you move along to explore and learn.
You can go through the entire program slide by slide,
or you skip to focus on any one system.
http://www.parentingpress.com/pics/sock_cvr.jpg
Believe it
or not,
you are
organized!
The main levels of
organization are…
Cells, Tissues, Organs,
Organ Systems, and
You (the Organism).
Well, at least your body is!
Can you
identify
&
label the 3
levels of
organization
shown here?
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Levels of Organization
The Human Body has several “layers” of organization beginning with the simplest and
becoming more complex.
http://www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/chem/levels.jpg
Here They Are: Your Body Systems (Part 1).
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/147a.gif
And Your Body Systems (Part 2)
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/lect_19.htm
Overview of Systems:
• Musculoskeletal: Gives structure to the body
– Bones and Muscles
• Circulatory: Circulates blood and nutrients to the body
– Heart, veins, arteries
• Respiratory: Breathing sends oxygen to our blood,
discards carbon dioxide
– Lungs
• Digestive: Eating sends nutrients to our body
– Mouth, stomach, intestines
• Nervous: Interprets how our body perceives its
stimulus
– Brain, spinal cord
• Reproductive: Responsible for procreation
– Penis, Vagina, uterus, testicles
So Let’s Begin!
Your Muscular System
Types of Muscles
Your body has three types of muscle
tissue—skeletal muscle, smooth muscle,
and cardiac muscle.
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscles are
attached to the bones of
your skeleton. Because
you have conscious control
of skeletal muscles, they
are classified as voluntary
muscles. These muscles
provide the force that
moves your bones.
Skeletal muscles react
quickly and tire quickly. At
the end of a skeletal
muscle is a tendon. A
tendon is a strong
connective tissue that
attaches muscle to bone.
Note- ligaments connect
bones together.
Smooth Muscle
Smooth muscles
are called
involuntary
muscles because
they work with
your conscious
effort.
Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles
found only in the heart. Cardiac muscles
do not get tired.
A Cardiac Muscle Cell
Voluntary Muscles
The muscles that
are under your
direct control are
called voluntary
muscles. Smiling
and turning the
pages in a book
are actions of
voluntary
muscles
Involuntary Muscle Action
The muscles that are not under your
conscious control are called involuntary
muscles. Your colon (left) is lined with
smooth muscle, and your heart (right) is
comprised of cardiac muscle which works
automatically pumping blood around your
body.
How Do Muscles Work?
Muscles work by contracting, or becoming shorter and
thicker. Because muscle cells can only contract, not extend,
skeletal muscles must work in pairs. While one muscle
contracts, the other muscle in the pair returns to its
original length. For example, in order to move the lower
arm, the biceps muscle on the front of the upper arm
contracts to bend the elbow. This lifts the forearm and
hand. As the biceps contracts, the triceps on the back of
the upper arm returns to its original length. To straighten
the elbow, the triceps muscle contracts while the biceps
returns to its original length.
Anatomy Of A Muscle
Can You Name the Major Muscles of your Body. Try
It!
Some Major Voluntary Muscles
Some Really Big Muscles!
Your Skeletal System
Your Skeleton’s Functions
Your skeleton has five
major functions. It
provides shape and
support, enables you to
move, protects your
internal organs,
produces blood cells,
and stores certain
materials until your
body needs them
The Structure of Bone
Many bones have the same basic structure. A thin,
tough membrane covers all of a bone except the
ends. Blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the
bone through the membrane. Beneath the
membrane is a layer of compact bone, which is
hard and dense, but not solid. Small canals run
through the compact bone, carrying blood vessels
and nerves from the bone’s surface to the living
cells within the bone. Just inside the compact bone
is a layer of spongy bone, which has many small
spaces within it.
Bone Anatomy
Cartilage
Cartilage provides a
smooth surface between
bones or sometimes a
more flexible extension
of bone, as in the tip of
your nose. As an infant,
much of your skeleton
was cartilage. By the
time you stop growing,
most of the cartilage
will have been replaced
with hard bone tissue.
Joints
A joint is a place in the body
where two bones come
together. Joints allow bones to
move in different ways.
Immovable joints connect
bones in a way that allows little
or no movement. Movable
joints allow the body to make a
wide range of movements.
Movable joints include balland- socket joints, pivot joints,
hinge joints, and gliding joints.
The bones in movable joints are
held together by a strong
connective tissue called a
ligament.
Do You Know Your Bones?
Fill in the blanks on the next slide or on your
handout, and check the following slide for the
answers.
How Did You
Do?
Take Care of Your Bones!
A combination of a
balanced diet and regular
exercise can start you on
the way to a lifetime of
healthy bones. As people
become older, their bones
begin to lose some
minerals. Mineral loss can
lead to osteoporosis, a
condition in which the
body’s bones become weak
and break easily. Regular
exercise and a diet rich in
calcium can help prevent
osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a
disease in which bones
become fragile and
more likely to break. If
not prevented or if left
untreated,
osteoporosis can
progress painlessly
until a bone breaks.
Your Circulatory System
Your Circulatory System is Responsible for Delivering
and Removing Materials from Every Cell in Your Body
Web Sources and Resources
Usborne Human Body: Quicklinks
How does this system work?
pulmonary vein
pulmonary artery
lungs
head & arms
aorta
main vein
Right
Left
liver
digestive system
kidneys
legs
Circulatory System
Our circulatory system is a double circulatory system.
This means it has two parts parts.
Lungs
the right side of the
the left side of the
system
system
deals with
deals with
deoxygenated blood.
oxygenated blood.
Body cells
The Heart
This is a vein. It brings
blood from the body,
except the lungs.
These are arteries. They
carry blood away from
the heart.
2 atria
Coronary arteries,
the hearts own
blood supply
2 ventricles
The heart has four chambers
now lets look inside the heart
Veins and Arteries
Arteries= Carry oxygenated
blood AWAY from the heart
Veins= Carry deoxygenated
blood BACK TOWARDS the
heart
So, veins are BLUE right?
• WRONG!! Many times you will see veins colored
as BLUE in diagrams to show that the blood in
them is DEOXYGENATED, but veins and the blood
in them are always RED!!
• Veins appear blue because light, penetrating the
skin, is absorbed and reflected back to the eye.
Since only the higher energy wavelengths can do
this (lower energy wavelengths just don't have
the ‘oomph’), only higher energy wavelengths are
seen. And higher energy wavelengths are what
we call "blue."
The Heart
Artery to Lungs
Vein from Head and Body
Right Atrium
valve
Right Ventricle
Artery to Head and Body
Vein from Lungs
Left Atrium
valve
Left Ventricle
The Heart
How does the Heart work?
STEP ONE
blood from the
body
blood from
the lungs
The heart beat begins when the
heart muscles relax and blood
flows into the atria.
How does the Heart work?
STEP TWO
The atria then contract and
the valves open to allow blood
into the ventricles.
How does the Heart work?
STEP THREE
The valves close to stop blood
flowing backwards.
The ventricles contract forcing
the blood to leave the heart.
At the same time, the atria are
relaxing and once again filling with
blood.
The cycle then repeats itself.
blood from the heart gets around
the body through blood vessels
There are 3 types of blood vessels
a. ARTERY
b.
VEIN
c.
CAPILLARY
The ARTERY
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
the elastic fibres allow the artery to
stretch under pressure
thick muscle and elastic
fibres
the thick muscle can contract to
push the blood along.
The VEIN
Veins carry blood towards from the heart.
veins have valves which act to stop
the blood from going in the wrong
direction.
thin muscle and elastic
fibres
body muscles surround the veins so that when they
contract to move the body, they also squeeze the
veins and push the blood along the vessel.
The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arteries with Veins
they exchange materials between the
blood and other body cells.
the wall of a capillary
is only one cell thick
The exchange of materials between the
blood and the body can only occur
through capillaries.
what’s in
digested food
red blood cells
white blood cells
oxygen
waste (urea)
platelets
carbon dioxide
plasma
hormones
The Blood
red blood cell
platelets
white blood cell
plasma
Red Blood Cells
a biconcave disc that is round
and flat without a nucleus
contain haemoglobin, a
molecule specially designed to
hold oxygen and carry it to cells
that need it.
can change shape to an amazing
extent, without breaking, as it
squeezes single file through the
capillaries.
White Blood Cells
there are many different types and all
contain a big nucleus.
the two main ones are the lymphocytes
and the macrophages.
macrophages ‘eat’ and digest microorganisms .
some lymphocytes fight disease by making antibodies to destroy invaders
by dissolving them.
other lymphocytes make antitoxins to break down poisons.
Plasma
It also contains useful
things like;
• carbon dioxide
A strawcoloured liquid
that carries the
cells and the
platelets which
help blood clot.
• glucose
• amino acids
• proteins
• minerals
• vitamins
• hormones
• waste materials
like urea.
Your Respiratory System
The Functions of Your Respiratory System
Your lungs are complex organs, but what they do is
take a gas that your body needs to get rid of (carbon
dioxide) and exchange it for a gas that your body can
use (oxygen).
The Path of Air
Word Bank:
•Nasal Cavity
•Throat (Pharynx)
•Mouth
•Windpipe (trachea)
•Bronchus
• Lung
•Avoelli
•Diaphragm
Please label the parts of your respiratory system on your handout.
Can you describe the path that air takes as it enters and leaves your
body?
Check Your Answers Here.
How You Breathe 1: The Diaphragm
How You Breathe 2: The Alveoli
The Respiratory and Circulatory
Systems: Working Together.
Working together
the respiratory and
circulatory systems
form the cardiopulmonary system,
which is an integral
connection
between the heart
and lungs.
Focus on: The Lungs
How our Lungs Work
• Once the air reaches the lungs, it flows into
increasingly narrow bronchioles until it
reaches the alveoli (tiny, thin-walled sacks).
Once in the alveoli, the oxygen in the air
passes through the thin membrane walls
and into the pulmonary capillary. From
there, the oxygen binds to the hemoglobin
in red blood cells. The red blood cells give
back carbon dioxide, which then goes back
through the membrane, into the alveoli,
through the bronchioles, into the lungs and woosh - is exhaled back out of your body.
The oxygen that was passed off to the red
blood cells is then circulated around your
body..
Respiratory Disease: Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of the lungs
most commonly caused by a bacteria or virus that gets
into the mucous membranes. Pneumonia can also be
caused by inhaling vomit or other foreign substances.
Web Sources and Resources
www.medimagery.com/Respiration/ lungs.html
Respiratory Disease: Lung Cancer
The cancerous lung (right) shows how much damage smoking can do over time to
your respiratory system.
Please Take Care of Your
Lungs and Don’t Smoke
Web Sources and Resources:
Usborne Science Encyclopedia pgs. and Quicklink Images
Your Digestive System
Your digestive
system is like
a complicated
chemical
processing
plant, and
performs many
functions.
What major tasks does your digestive
system help you accomplish?
Your Digestive System…
…breaks down food
into molecules the
body can absorb.
…passes these
molecules into the
blood to be carried
throughout the body.
…works to eliminate
solid wastes from the
body.
The Parts
of
Your
Digestive
System
How well
do you
know
them?
Label the parts of your digestive system on your handout;
then correct them using the next slide.
Word Bank:
•Anus
•Rectum
•Esophagus
•Small Intestine
•Liver
•Gall Bladder
•Stomach
•Large Intestine
•Pancreas
•Appendix
•Tongue
Parts of Your Digestive System
Now for the
Digestive
Journey
The Digestive Journey
Digestion begins in your mouth with action of your teeth
and tongue (mechanical digestion) and your salivary
glands (chemical digestion).
The salivary glands produce enzymes that are mixed with
the food, breaking down the starches. Peristalsis is the
muscular action that moves the food through the
esophagus and into your stomach after you swallow.
Your Stomach
The food moves into your stomach, which contains chemicals
such as hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Pepsin breaks proteins,
and other enzymes break down fat. Your stomach gradually
releases these materials into the upper small intestine
(duodenum), where digestion is completed. Your stomach also
has a thick coating of mucus to protect it form the acids and to
keep it from digesting itself!
By the way, your stomach really
does look like a muscular bag!
Your Liver, Pancreas, and Gall Bladder
Located in the upper portion of your
abdomen, your liver is the largest and
heaviest organ of your body. It is like a
busy chemical factory that plays many
roles. For example, your liver breaks
down many substances and toxins, and
produces bile- a substance that helps
break down fat. The bile flows from the
liver into the gall bladder, where it is
stored until needed. The pancreas lies
between the stomach and the small
intestine and produces enzymes that flow
into the small intestines, helping to break
up complex starches, proteins, and fats.
Your Small & Large Intestines
After the solid food has been digested
the fluid remaining is called chyme
When it is thoroughly digested it
passes through an opening (called the
pylorus sphincter) into the small
intestines. In the small intestines all the
nutrients are absorbed leaving
undigestible wastes. These wastes pass
into the large intestines, where water
is removed. Then the wastes are stored
in the rectum until they are released by
the anus.
Cross Section of Your Intestines
The Villi add surface area to increase absorption of food and
nutrients. On the left you see how the villi line your small
intestines, and on the left you see 1 villi with its capillaries.
It’s a (Intestinal) Gas, Baby!
The human large intestine, or colon, is
home to many microorganisms, such as
the bacterium Escherischia coli (E. coli).
Certain foods contain large amounts of
carbohydrates that our digestive enzymes
cannot break down.
When these carbohydrates reach the large
intestine, our gut microbes respond by
"having a party“ (reproducing rapidly,
giving off gases such as methane and
hydrogen sulfide as natural by-products of
their activities). This is the cause of the
discomfort and flatulence associated with
eating beans, cabbage, and other gaspromoting foods.
Fortunately for gas sufferers, the enzymes
that enable our microbes to break down
complex carbohydrates are now available
in pill form. If these are taken before a
meal, the enzymes break down the
carbohydrates in the small intestine so
that they can be absorbed by the body
before they reach the hungry throngs of
bacteria living in the colon.
Web Sources and Resources: http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/gas.html
Your Nervous System
Your nervous system receives information about what is
happening both inside and outside your body. It also directs
the way in which your body responds to this information. In
addition, the nervous system helps maintain homeostasis. A
stimulus is any change or signal in the environment that can
make an organism react
Your Nervous System
Your nervous system
consists of the central
and peripheral
systems. The central
nervous system (CNS),
includes the brain and
spinal cord; the
peripheral system
includes the nerves to
the rest of the body.
What Is Homeostasis?
• Homeostasis is one of the fundamental
characteristics of all living things. It refers
to the maintenance of your internal
environment. All sorts of factors affect our
internal environment such as properties
like temperature, salinity, acidity, and the
concentrations of nutrients and wastes.
Because these properties affect the
chemical reactions that keep us alive, we
have built-in physiological mechanisms to
maintain them.
• Each of your body organs is controlled
subconsciously by your nervous system in
order to maintain homeostasis
Neurons
The cells that carry information through your nervous system
are called neurons, or nerve cells. The message that a neuron
carries is called a nerve impulse. A neuron has a large cell body
that contains the nucleus. The cell body has threadlike
extensions. One kind of extension, a dendrite, carries impulses
toward the cell body. An axon carries impulses away from the
cell body. Axons and dendrites are sometimes called nerve
fibers. A bundle of nerve fibers is called a nerve.
The Anatomy of a Neuron
A NEURON viewed under a electron
microscope. Can you locate the cell body,
axon, and dendrites?
Your Central Nervous
System- The Brain
and Spinal Cord
cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem
Central & Peripheral Nervous
Systems Working Together
The yellow parts
are CNS parts
and the purple
are parts of your
peripheral
nervous system.
Together, they
tell your body
which way to
move and how to
react to its
environment!
Reflexes: Some nerve signals go
only to the spinal cord and back.
The knee jerk reflex (seen in the figure to the above) is called a
monosynaptic reflex. This means that there is only 1 synapse in
the neural circuit needed to complete the reflex. It only takes
about 50 milliseconds of time between the tap and the start of the
leg kick...that is fast. The tap below the knee causes the thigh
muscle to stretch. Information is sent to the spinal cord. After one
synapse in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, the information is
sent back out to the muscle...and there you have the reflex.
Your Brain- The Command Center
The human brain is a complex organ
that allows us to think, move, feel, see,
hear, taste, and smell. It controls our
body, receives information, analyzes
information, and stores information
(our memories).
The brain produces electrical signals,
which, together with chemical
reactions, let the parts of the body
communicate. Nerves send these
signals throughout the body.
The average human brain weighs about
3 pounds. At birth, the human brain
weighs less than a pound. As a child
grows, the number of cell remains
relatively stable, but the cells grow in
size and the number of connections
increases. The human brain reaches its
full size at about 6 years of age.
Your Brain Has Very
Complicated Anatomy All Its
Own!
The Lobes of the Brain
FRONTAL LOBE
Concerned with reasoning, planning, parts of speech and movement (motor cortex),
emotions, and problem-solving.
PARIETAL LOBE
Concerned with perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature and pain.
TEMPORAL LOBE
Concerned with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli (hearing) and memory
(hippocampus).
OCCIPITAL LOBE
Concerned with many aspects of vision.
The Stroop Effect- Your Brain
Can Get Confused!
TRY IT!- The famous "Stroop Effect" is named after
J. Ridley Stroop who discovered this strange
phenomenon in the 1930s. Here is your job: name
the colors of the following words. Do NOT read the
words...rather, say the color of the words. For
example, for the word BLUE, you should say "RED".
Say the colors as fast as you can. It is not as easy as
you might think!
Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer's disease attacks
the brain; it is not a normal
part of aging. People with AD
have a gradual memory loss
and difficulties with language
and emotions.
The progressive loss of
intellectual abilities is termed
dementia. As the disease
advances, the person may
need help in all aspects of life:
bathing, eating, and using the
restroom.
Because of this round-theclock care, families and
friends of people with AD are
greatly affected. The disease
is irreversible and there is
currently no cure.
Your Senses Are Your Nervous System’s
Bridge to the Outside World
Sight, Taste, Touch, Hearing, Smell
Web Sources and Resources: Usborne Science Encyclopedia pgs. 370-375 and Quicklink Images
Your Reproductive System
The Female Reproductive
System
The role of the
female
reproductive
system is to
produce eggs,
and if an egg is
fertilized, to
nourish a
developing baby
until birth.
The Menstrual Cycle
During the menstrual
cycle, an egg develops
in an ovary. At the same
time, the uterus
prepares for the arrival
of the fertilized egg.
Once the egg is
released, it can be
fertilized for the next
few days if sperm are
present in the oviduct. If
the egg is not fertilized,
it begins to break down,
and it passes out of the
vagina along with some
tissue from the lining of
the uterus in a process
called menstruation.
Female Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System
Fertilization
Takes place when sperm & egg merge.
Human Development
The fertilized egg, or zygote, is about the
size of a period in your textbook. The zygote
develops into an embryo, and then into a
developing fetus, which results in....
You!
www.ajwrb.org/images/ fetus.jpg
Try These Sites for More Info
Note if they don’t work by clicking on them,
just type the address into your browser.
• A Look Inside the Human Body
http://www4.tpgi.com.au/users/amcgann/body/
• MY BODY FOR KIDS
http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/body/mybody.html
• Find out how your body works!
http://yucky.kids.discovery.com/noflash/body/index.h
tml
• Take and Anatomy Quiz at the Smithsonian
http://americanhistory.si.edu/anatomy/bodyparts/nm
a03_bodyparts.html
• Hillendale Health Site- Learn About Your Body
http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/health_index.html