Transcript Human Anatomy and Physiology - Middlebury College: Community

Human Anatomy and
Physiology
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
1) Define the following terms: Anatomy, Body system, Cell,
Homeostasis, Organ, Physiology, Tissue
2) Identify various anatomical terms commonly used to refer
to body
3) Identify 4 Body Positions
4) Identify 5 Body Cavities
5) Describe fundamentals of 11 Bodily Systems
6) Homeostasis. Why is it important?
Anatomy: Study of the Human Body’s Structure
Physiology: Study of Human Mechanical, Physical,
Biological Function
Cells: basic unit of life--smallest structural and functional
unity within a living thing
Tissues: distinct materials in the body made up of
specialized cells (muscle tissue, epithelial tissue: lining of
organs)
Organs: made up of tissues, fully differentiated (no two
organs perform the exact same action)
Body system: Group of organs that work with one another to
perform a function (breathing, circulating blood,
reproduction)
Homeostasis: relatively stable equilibrium in all bodily
systems: “the scientific definition of ‘healthy’” --John Mayer
Anatomical Positions
Prone: lying face down
Supine: lying face up…..“supine, spine”
Fowler’s position: sitting up with knees bent
Trendelenburg’s position: body supine with the
head lower than feet
Shock position: head and feet supine, legs are
elevated, helps blood flow to brain
Recovery position: unresponsive patient, no
spine injury. Lying on side, opposite knee
flexed, head cushioned on hand
Directional Terms
Superior
Medial
Proximal
Distal
Proximal
Inferior
Distal
Lateral
More Directional Terms
Superficial / Deep: toward skin surface / farther
inside body
Ventral / Dorsal: anterior / posterior surface of body
Palmar: palm of hand
Plantar: bottom of the foot
Terms
for Movements
◦Flexion: bending
◦Extension: straightening
◦Hyper: beyond normal range of motion (injury)
◦Abduction: move extremity away from the body
◦Adduction: move extremity toward the body
Body Cavities
Cavity: Hollow space in the body that houses vital organs
and organ systems
-Cranial Cavity
-Spinal Cavity
-Thoracic (Chest) Cavity
-Abdominal Cavity
-Pelvic Cavity
Cranial and Spinal Cavity: The
Nervous System!!!
……………………………………………Are you nervous?
Nervous System
-controls all activities of the body via sensory input
voluntary: somatic nervous system
involuntary: autonomic nervous system
-Central Nervous System (CNS) brain and spinal cord
cerebrum: rational thought, sensory perception
cerebellum: coordinates movement
brain stem: controls basic body functions (circulatory,
respiratory, digestive function)
-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) cable of nerve fibers that
connect the spinal cord to bodily organs (Brachial plexus,
lumbosacral plexus)
Nervous System 2
Brain stem
cerebrum
cerebellum
Sensory nerves: carry
info from the body to the
CNS
Motor nerves: carry info
from the CNS to muscles
Brachial plexus
Connecting nerves:
connect sensory and
motor
Lumbrosacral plexus
Spinal Column
-33 vertebrae total, central supporting structure of the
body, protects spinal cord (carries nerve messages from
brain to the rest of the body)
Cervical spine: VERY IMPORTANT
“3,4,5 stay alive” C7 is most prominent
Thoracic Spine: next 12 vertebrae, one
pair of ribs attached to each vertebrae
Lumbar spine: next 5 vertebrae
Sacrum: 5 sacral vertebrae fused
together, joined to illiac bones of the
pelvis
Coccyx: last 4 vertebrae, tailbone,
commonly bruised / chipped
GI and Endocrine Systems: Abs Baby
Liver,
gallbladder
Stomach,
spleen
Appendix
Colon
-small and large intestines in all quadrants
Gastrointestinal System
◦ Anatomy
•
•
•
•
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small and large intestine
◦ Physiology: help process food and water,
extract necessary nutrients / energy
•
•
•
Saliva
Hydrochloric acid
Bile
Thorax: Chest Cavity
-Contains heart, lungs, esophagus, great vessels (aorta and
two venae cava)
-formed by 12 thoracic vertebrae and the rib cage
Angle of Louis
Xiphoid process
Floating ribs (11, 12)
Costal arch
Retroperitoneal Region
-“behind the chest wall” know: pancreas, kidney, adrenal
gland, urinary bladder
-Pelvis: closed bony ring consists of 1) sacrum, 2) ilium, 3)
ischium
The Endocrine System: glands in the body
that secrete hormones (regulate blood
sugar levels, control reproductive process)
• Hypothalamus--secretes hormones that act on
pituitary
• Pituitary--”master” gland
• Thyroid--metabolism, growth, development
• Adrenals--epinephrine (“fight or flight” response)
sympathetic nervous system (part of autonomous
nervous system)
-eye: promotes dilation
-heart: increases rate and force of contraction
-lungs: dilates bronchioles
-penis: promotes ejaculation
- Pancreas: endocrine NOT gastrointestinal
Respiratory System
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli (where CO2 O2 exchange takes
place)
More on the Lungs
Pleura: glossy tissue lining of lungs (outside) and chest
cavity (inside) space in between--->pleural space
Diaphragm: both a voluntary and involuntary muscle
(striated, voluntary on deep breath, involuntary when
we’re not consciously breathing)
-inhalation: diaphragm and intercostal muscles (muscles
between ribs) contract, ribs are raised up and out, thoracic
cavity expands, low pressure allows air to rush in create
vacuum
-exhalation: diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, ribs
relax back in, pressure rises in lungs, air rushes out
Circulatory System
-collection of tubes that circulate blood (arteries, arterioles,
capillaries, venules, and veins) and the heart
-heart: muscular organ made of cardiac muscle
(myocardium) each side is divided into upper and lower
chambers (atrium and ventricle)
-arteries carry oxygenated blood away from heart
-aorta: principal artery
-veins carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart
-vena cava: principal vein (superior-above heart,
inferior-below heart)
-capillaries: fine end of circulatory tubes, intersect with cells
in bodily tissues, feeds O2 and removes CO2, metabolic
waste
- Oxygen is carried primarily by the red blood cell's hemoglobin
with a small amount dissolved in the blood.
-Carbon dioxide is dissolved primarily in the plasma with a small
amount carried by the red blood cells. Plasma also carries
nutrients to tissues, also removes waste
-White blood cells are part of the body’s immune system and help
the body defend against infection.
Along with specialized proteins, platelets are the component of
blood used to form blood clots when bleeding.
Circulatory Path
http://asweknowit.net/MIDDLE_SCH/DWA%205%20organ%20systems.htm
The Skeletal System
◦ Anatomy
•
Long and flat bones
•
•
•
•
Skull and spinal column
Thorax
Pelvis
Upper and lower extremities
◦ Physiology
•
•
Structure to the body
Bone marrow makes blood cells
***PAGE 196 and 198: KNOW THESE BONES***
Extra skeletal stuff
Shoulder girdle: the clavicle, the scapula, the humerus
Sternum---Clavicle---Acromioclavicular joint (A/C joint)--Acromion process---Humerus
Foot: calcaneus (heel) metatarsal (middle foot) phalanges
(toes)
Hand: carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Muscles
Types of Muscles
Skeletal Muscle: attached to bone, also called striated
-voluntary muscle: under direct voluntary control
paralyzed muscle: muscle lacking nerve impulse
because of broken connection / damaged nerves
(voluntary control is lost)
Smooth muscle: involuntary muscle
-found in gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels, bronchi
of the lungs (propels flow of blood, fluids) under same
nervous system
Cardiac muscle: own blood supply and it’s own electrical
(stimulus) system; heart sets its own rhythm and rate without
brain’s influence
Blood Pressure / Heartbeat
Normal Heart Rates:
Adult - 60-100 bpm, Child - 70-140 bpm, Newborns - 120-160
bpm
Blood pressure: pressure that blood exerts against arterial
walls (systole: muscular contraction phase / diastole: muscular
relaxation phase)
Major / important arteries: carotid (neck) radial (wrist) brachial
(under bicep) femoral (inner thigh…yeahhhh) posterior tibial
(inner heal…good for distal csms!)
Perfusion: circulation of blood within a specific tissue or organ
in adequate amounts to meet the cells needs.
INADEQUATE PERFUSION = SHOCK!!!!!!!!!!!!!
The Skin You’re In: Integumentary System
-Skin: the largest organ on the human body
-3 major functions
-Protect body from environment
-Regulate body temperature
-Receive nerve signals (sensory)
-Regulates temp by vasoconstriction /
vasodialation
-Epidermis and Dermis: 2 major layers
-Epidermis: sebacious glands secrete sebum,
also pores
-Dermis: sweat glands, nerves
The Other Bodily Systems
Urinary System (kidney, urethra, bladder) filters and removes
liquid waste, controls pH of blood, manages electrolyte
balance
Reproductive System: penis, testicles, prostate, urethra /
vagina, ovaries, uterus. determines sex characteristics,
Reproduction
Lymphatic System: lymphnodes, white blood cells, spleen.,
removes excess interstitial fluid around cells into blood,
removes foreign molecules / bacteria from tissues, from
bloodstream, absorbs fat and fat soluble vitamins from the
intestines, and produces lymphocytes, a white blood cell
The 11 Bodily Systems
Skeletal
Muscular
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Digestive / Gastrointestinal
Reproductive
Integumentary (skin)
Nervous
Lymphatic
Endocrine
Urinary