Transcript File

Blood
ESSENTIAL LIFE SUPPORTIVE FLUID
ANNOUNCEMENTs
 QUIZ! OPEN NOTE
Next class! Wednesday!
 Everything from the cardiovascular system is fair game!
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 Notes to have:
 Part 1 – anatomy of the heart
 Part 2 – blood vessels
 Part 3 – circulation and vital signs
 Blood notes
 Can use your labeling
packet, but nothing else aside for notes and
labeling.
 Blood labs are due today, won’t be taken past today.
Functions
 Transportation
 Delivers O2 from Lungs and nutrients from digestive tract to all body cells
 Transports the oxygen as oxyhemoglobin and carbon dioxide as
carboxyhemoglobin, carbonic acid, and bicarbonate
 Transports metabolic waste from cells to elimination sites (lungs, kidneys)
 Transports hormones
 Regulation
 Maintains appropriate body temperature
 Maintains normal pH
 Maintains adequate fluid volume with NaCl and other salts acting with
blood proteins (albumin) to prevent excessive fluid loss
 Protection
 Prevents blood loss through clotting mechanism
 Prevents infection through immunity (phagocytosis and antibody
production)
Blood Facts/characteristics
 The average adult has about FIVE
liters of blood inside of their body,
which makes up 7-8% of their body
weight.
 pH approximately 7.35 – 7.45
 Temperature: approximately body
temperature
 There are about one billion red
blood cells in two to three drops of
blood. For every 600 red blood cells,
there are about 40 platelets and one
white blood cell.
Composition of Blood
 Plasma: yellowish liquid portion of blood that contains
electrolytes, nutrients, vitamins, hormones, clotting
factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection.
(roughly 55%)
 Erythrocytes (RBCs): The most abundant cells;
produced in the bone marrow and contain a protein
called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to all parts of the
body (roughly 44%)
 Leukocytes (WBCs): part of the immune system; destroy
pathogens (<1%)
 Thrombocytes (platelets): clotting factors that are
carried in the plasma; clot together in a process called
coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.
(<1%)
Erythrocytes
 Hemoglobin: primary protein made of 4
polypeptide chains found on RBCs
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Each of these chains contains a heme group
 Heme: iron containing molecule that binds
with O2
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Every hemoglobin molecule has the ability to bind 4
molecules of oxygen.
 With O2 attached, called oxyhemoglobin
 With CO2 attached, carbaminohemoglobin
 Lifespan: 100 - 120 Days
 Spleen: RBC “graveyard”
 Iron recycled, remainder becomes bilirubin (yellow
pigment) in liver then excreted as bile into the
intestines
Leukocytes
 Distinguished from other blood cells
because they contain a nucleus
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Number of WBCs present in the blood is an
indicator of disease presence
All white blood cells are produced and
derived from a multipotent cell in bone
marrow known as a hematopoietic stem
cell
 5 Types of Leukocytes:
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Monocyte: ~5%; large particles/pathogens
Lymphocyte: ~30%; produce antibodies and
communicate immune responses
Basophil: <1%; release histamine for
inflammatory responses
Neutrophil: 50-70%; target bacteria and
fungi
Eosinophil: ~2%; parasites
Blood Composition
Blood Types
 Antigens: chemical structures
imparting specific properties to the
surface of the red blood cell
 Antibody: protein substance
developed in response to foreign
body substances
 Blood Group Systems
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Detected on the basis of specific reaction
with corresponding antibody as a result of
the presence or absence of the blood
protein antigens on the RBC surface
Inherited according to Mendelian laws
ABO Blood System
 Discovered by Landsteiner in 1900
Universal Donor
 Type A = 41% of population
 Has A antigens on RBC surface
 Has anti-B antibodies in plasma
 Type B = 10% of population
 Has B antigens on RBC surface
 Has anti-A antibodies in plasma
 Type AB = 4% of population
 Has A and B antigens on RBC surface
 Has NO antibodies in plasma
 Type O = 45% of population
Universal Recipient
 Has NO antigens on the RBC surface
 Has anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma
 Type O is the Universal Donor (can be given to Type A, B, AB, and O)
because it has NO antigens on the RBC surface
 Type AB is the Universal Recipient (can receive Type A, B, AB, and O)
because it has NO antibodies in the plasma
Blood Genotypes and
Phenotypes
 3 alleles, 6 possible genotypes
 AA and AO are both Type A blood
 BB and BO are both Type B blood
 AB is Type AB blood
 OO is Type O blood
Plasma compatibility table
Donor
Recipient
O
A
B
AB
O
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
A
No
Yes
No
Yes
B
No
No
Yes
Yes
AB
No
No
No
Yes
Rhesus Factor
 The presence of the protein, or lack of
it, is referred to as the Rh (for
Rhesus) factor.
 If blood does contain the protein, your
blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+).
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Genotypes (+/+, +/-)
Can accept (+) or (-) blood
 If blood does not contain the protein,
your blood is said to be Rh negative
(Rh-).
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Genotype (-/-)
Can only accept (-)
Rh compatibility
 When Rh- person receives Rh+ blood in a transfusion,
person develops antibodies against the Rh+ factor.
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This becomes a clinical problem if they receive a second
transfusion of Rh+ blood - Rh antibodies will clump with the Rh
antigens.
Symptoms of transfusion reaction: chills and fever, rash, itching,
shortness of breath, nausea, kidney pain, blood in urine, shock
and death
 Occurs in pregnancy - to prevent this a shot of
Rhogam is given shortly after birth to block the
development of antibodies.
Blood Disorders
 Anemia: deficiency in the numbers of functional RBCs;
symptoms = impaired breathing, fatigue, muscle weakness
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Iron deficiency: not enough iron; inability of the body to use iron
Aplastic: failure of the bone marrow to produce RBCs due to
poisoning, drugs, radiation
Pernicious: RBCs inadequate due to decreased gastric secretion and
vitamin B12 malabsorption; must take B12 shots forever; untreated certain death
Sickle cell: inherited trait of defective hemoglobin molecule;
abnormal sickle shaped RBCs, cells carry less oxygen, break easily, clog
vessels; recessive
Thalassemia: defective synthesis of protein for hemoglobin
production; hereditary; several types
 Polycythemia: too many RBCs and platelets; thickens blood
and increases BP; periodic removal of a unit of blood to thin
the blood
Blood Disorders
 Leukemia: group of cancers that
usually begin in the bone marrow
and result in high numbers of
abnormal white blood cells
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These WBCs are not fully developed and
are called blasts or leukemia cells
 Lymphoma: blood cell tumors that
develop from lymphatic cells in the
lymph nodes
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Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin’s
Lymphoma
 Hemophilia: rare disorder in which
blood doesn't clot normally because
it lacks sufficient blood-clotting
proteins
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Blood Typing Lab
 3 samples – your choice, just make sure they are different
numbers!
 3 test serums
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Anti-A (blue)
Anti-B (yellow)
Anti-D (Rh factor – clear/green)
Plastic test dish wells are marked!
Mixed with matching toothpick
Stir for 20-30 seconds
Looking for clumping (agglutination)
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Agglutination refers to the clumping of red blood cells that occurs
when different blood types are mixed together.
It involves a chemical reaction between antigens on the surface of
red blood cells & protein antibodies in the plasma
Plasma Donation
 Clotting Factors
 Immunoglobulin: There are more than 150
primary immune deficiency disorders .
These individuals have improperly
functioning immune systems and do not
respond to traditional antibiotics. Without
IVIG, they are exposed to frequent and often
serious infections.
 Albumin: used to treat burns, trauma
patients and surgical patients.
 Hyperimmuneglobulins: used to treat
rabies, tetanus, dialysis patients and organ
transplant recipients. They are also used to
treat pregnant women who have Rh
incompatibility
Blood Typing Lab