Transcript File
Blood
ESSENTIAL LIFE SUPPORTIVE FLUID
ANNOUNCEMENTs
QUIZ! OPEN NOTE
Next class! Wednesday!
Everything from the cardiovascular system is fair game!
Notes to have:
Part 1 – anatomy of the heart
Part 2 – blood vessels
Part 3 – circulation and vital signs
Blood notes
Can use your labeling
packet, but nothing else aside for notes and
labeling.
Blood labs are due today, won’t be taken past today.
Functions
Transportation
Delivers O2 from Lungs and nutrients from digestive tract to all body cells
Transports the oxygen as oxyhemoglobin and carbon dioxide as
carboxyhemoglobin, carbonic acid, and bicarbonate
Transports metabolic waste from cells to elimination sites (lungs, kidneys)
Transports hormones
Regulation
Maintains appropriate body temperature
Maintains normal pH
Maintains adequate fluid volume with NaCl and other salts acting with
blood proteins (albumin) to prevent excessive fluid loss
Protection
Prevents blood loss through clotting mechanism
Prevents infection through immunity (phagocytosis and antibody
production)
Blood Facts/characteristics
The average adult has about FIVE
liters of blood inside of their body,
which makes up 7-8% of their body
weight.
pH approximately 7.35 – 7.45
Temperature: approximately body
temperature
There are about one billion red
blood cells in two to three drops of
blood. For every 600 red blood cells,
there are about 40 platelets and one
white blood cell.
Composition of Blood
Plasma: yellowish liquid portion of blood that contains
electrolytes, nutrients, vitamins, hormones, clotting
factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection.
(roughly 55%)
Erythrocytes (RBCs): The most abundant cells;
produced in the bone marrow and contain a protein
called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to all parts of the
body (roughly 44%)
Leukocytes (WBCs): part of the immune system; destroy
pathogens (<1%)
Thrombocytes (platelets): clotting factors that are
carried in the plasma; clot together in a process called
coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.
(<1%)
Erythrocytes
Hemoglobin: primary protein made of 4
polypeptide chains found on RBCs
Each of these chains contains a heme group
Heme: iron containing molecule that binds
with O2
Every hemoglobin molecule has the ability to bind 4
molecules of oxygen.
With O2 attached, called oxyhemoglobin
With CO2 attached, carbaminohemoglobin
Lifespan: 100 - 120 Days
Spleen: RBC “graveyard”
Iron recycled, remainder becomes bilirubin (yellow
pigment) in liver then excreted as bile into the
intestines
Leukocytes
Distinguished from other blood cells
because they contain a nucleus
Number of WBCs present in the blood is an
indicator of disease presence
All white blood cells are produced and
derived from a multipotent cell in bone
marrow known as a hematopoietic stem
cell
5 Types of Leukocytes:
Monocyte: ~5%; large particles/pathogens
Lymphocyte: ~30%; produce antibodies and
communicate immune responses
Basophil: <1%; release histamine for
inflammatory responses
Neutrophil: 50-70%; target bacteria and
fungi
Eosinophil: ~2%; parasites
Blood Composition
Blood Types
Antigens: chemical structures
imparting specific properties to the
surface of the red blood cell
Antibody: protein substance
developed in response to foreign
body substances
Blood Group Systems
Detected on the basis of specific reaction
with corresponding antibody as a result of
the presence or absence of the blood
protein antigens on the RBC surface
Inherited according to Mendelian laws
ABO Blood System
Discovered by Landsteiner in 1900
Universal Donor
Type A = 41% of population
Has A antigens on RBC surface
Has anti-B antibodies in plasma
Type B = 10% of population
Has B antigens on RBC surface
Has anti-A antibodies in plasma
Type AB = 4% of population
Has A and B antigens on RBC surface
Has NO antibodies in plasma
Type O = 45% of population
Universal Recipient
Has NO antigens on the RBC surface
Has anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma
Type O is the Universal Donor (can be given to Type A, B, AB, and O)
because it has NO antigens on the RBC surface
Type AB is the Universal Recipient (can receive Type A, B, AB, and O)
because it has NO antibodies in the plasma
Blood Genotypes and
Phenotypes
3 alleles, 6 possible genotypes
AA and AO are both Type A blood
BB and BO are both Type B blood
AB is Type AB blood
OO is Type O blood
Plasma compatibility table
Donor
Recipient
O
A
B
AB
O
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
A
No
Yes
No
Yes
B
No
No
Yes
Yes
AB
No
No
No
Yes
Rhesus Factor
The presence of the protein, or lack of
it, is referred to as the Rh (for
Rhesus) factor.
If blood does contain the protein, your
blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+).
Genotypes (+/+, +/-)
Can accept (+) or (-) blood
If blood does not contain the protein,
your blood is said to be Rh negative
(Rh-).
Genotype (-/-)
Can only accept (-)
Rh compatibility
When Rh- person receives Rh+ blood in a transfusion,
person develops antibodies against the Rh+ factor.
This becomes a clinical problem if they receive a second
transfusion of Rh+ blood - Rh antibodies will clump with the Rh
antigens.
Symptoms of transfusion reaction: chills and fever, rash, itching,
shortness of breath, nausea, kidney pain, blood in urine, shock
and death
Occurs in pregnancy - to prevent this a shot of
Rhogam is given shortly after birth to block the
development of antibodies.
Blood Disorders
Anemia: deficiency in the numbers of functional RBCs;
symptoms = impaired breathing, fatigue, muscle weakness
Iron deficiency: not enough iron; inability of the body to use iron
Aplastic: failure of the bone marrow to produce RBCs due to
poisoning, drugs, radiation
Pernicious: RBCs inadequate due to decreased gastric secretion and
vitamin B12 malabsorption; must take B12 shots forever; untreated certain death
Sickle cell: inherited trait of defective hemoglobin molecule;
abnormal sickle shaped RBCs, cells carry less oxygen, break easily, clog
vessels; recessive
Thalassemia: defective synthesis of protein for hemoglobin
production; hereditary; several types
Polycythemia: too many RBCs and platelets; thickens blood
and increases BP; periodic removal of a unit of blood to thin
the blood
Blood Disorders
Leukemia: group of cancers that
usually begin in the bone marrow
and result in high numbers of
abnormal white blood cells
These WBCs are not fully developed and
are called blasts or leukemia cells
Lymphoma: blood cell tumors that
develop from lymphatic cells in the
lymph nodes
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin’s
Lymphoma
Hemophilia: rare disorder in which
blood doesn't clot normally because
it lacks sufficient blood-clotting
proteins
#3
#1
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#2
#5
Blood Typing Lab
3 samples – your choice, just make sure they are different
numbers!
3 test serums
Anti-A (blue)
Anti-B (yellow)
Anti-D (Rh factor – clear/green)
Plastic test dish wells are marked!
Mixed with matching toothpick
Stir for 20-30 seconds
Looking for clumping (agglutination)
Agglutination refers to the clumping of red blood cells that occurs
when different blood types are mixed together.
It involves a chemical reaction between antigens on the surface of
red blood cells & protein antibodies in the plasma
Plasma Donation
Clotting Factors
Immunoglobulin: There are more than 150
primary immune deficiency disorders .
These individuals have improperly
functioning immune systems and do not
respond to traditional antibiotics. Without
IVIG, they are exposed to frequent and often
serious infections.
Albumin: used to treat burns, trauma
patients and surgical patients.
Hyperimmuneglobulins: used to treat
rabies, tetanus, dialysis patients and organ
transplant recipients. They are also used to
treat pregnant women who have Rh
incompatibility
Blood Typing Lab