Transcript The Blood Cells - Immaculateheartacademy.org

The Blood
Functions of the Blood
 Transport of gases, nutrients and
waste products
 Transport of processed molecules
 Transport of regulatory molecules
 Regulation of your ph and osmosis
 Maintenance of body temperature
 Protection against foreign substances
 Clot formation
Composition of Blood
 Blood is Connective Tissue
 Formed elements 45%
 Plasma
55%
Plasma
 Pale yellow in color
 91% water,7%proteins, 2% other
ions, nutrients gases and waste
products
 The plasma proteins include
albumin
globulins
fibrinogen
Formed Elements
95% are Red Blood Cells
5% are White Blood Cells and
Platelets
 Made through the process of
hematopoiesis derived from a single
stem cell.
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Red Blood Cell
(RBC)
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Biconcave Disk (shape important for
function)
Loss their nuclei and most
organelles
Live for 120 days in men and 110 in
females
Contains hemoglobin( a red
pigmented protein )
Main function to transport Oxygen
Hemoglobin
 Oxygen Transport is accomplished through
Hemoglobin (98.5% of Oxygen transport)
 The Hemoglobin Structure
 Each protein (globin) is bound to one
heme
Each Heme contains one iron atom
When exposed to Oxygen one
Oxygen binds to the iron of each
heme
Life History of a Red Blood Cell
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Low Oxygen
Erythropoietin (kidney)
Bone Marrow (Increased red cells)
Increase Oxygen
120 Days
Taken up by liver and spleen
In liver broken down to heme and iron, amino acids
Fe recycled by bone marrow
Heme becomes bilirubin excreted out intestines
 Fig11.4 and 11.5
Clinical Pearls: Anemia
 Anemia is a common blood disorder,
which occurs when the level of red
blood cells (RBCs) in the body
becomes too low.
What is the Physiologic Problem that
will result?
Causes of Anemia
excessive destruction of RBCs
blood loss
inadequate production of RBCs
Among many other causes, anemia
anemia can result from inherited
disorders, nutritional problems (such
as an iron or vitamin deficiency),
infections, some kinds of cancer, or
exposure to a drug or toxin.
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Blood Grouping
Antigen/ Antibody
 Antigens
are molecules that stimulate an immune response
are on the surface of the red blood cells
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Antibodies
are proteins that recognize and neutralize the
immune response
are present in the plasma.
Blood Grouping
 The Antigens are categorized into
blood groups
 The ABO and RH blood groups are the
most important
The ABO Blood Group
 Type A -Has type A antigens on the RBC
Its Plasma Contains Anti-B antibodies
 Type B- Has type B antigens on the RBC
Its Plasma Contains Anti- A antibodies
 Type AB-Has both types (A&B) on the RBC
Its Plasma Has neither Antibody
 Type O – Has neither A or B on the RBC
Its Plasma Contains both Anti A and
Anti B
http://go.hrw.com/resources/go_mk/sc/schst/
HSTLVOCA.PDF
Antigens and Antibodies
Blood Type
Antigens
Antibodies
The Blood Transfusion
 Transfusion- is the transfer of blood or blood
components from one individual to another.
 Donor- is the person who gives the blood
 Recipient- is the person who receives the blood
 Transfusion Reaction- When antibodies in the plasma of
the recipient bind to antigens on the red blood cells of
the donor, “molecular bridges” are formed that connect
the red blood cells causing them to agglutinate and
rupture the blood cells
Agglutination
“ Matchmaker, Matchmaker”
Rh (rhesus) Antigens
 Also on surface of the RBC
 Anti RH antibodies also circulate in blood
 Can be Rh- or Rh+
The ABO blood group and Rh are designated together
 A+ or A B+ or B AB+ or AB O+ or O-
Important Implications during Pregnancy
Carbon Dioxide and
OxygenTransport
70% of the carbon dioxide transported
as HCO3
CO2 picked up by the red blood cells
and converted by carbonic anhydrase
CO2+ H20------H + HCO3
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Granulocytes
Neutrophil
Basophil
Eosinophil
 Agranuloytes
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
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Neutrophil
 Descriptionnucleus with four lobes connected by
thin filaments
granules stain a light pink reddish purple
Function- Phagocyte “eats” microorganisms
and other substances
Basophil
 DescriptionNucleus with two indistinct lobes,
cytoplasm granules stain blue
Function
Releases histamine, which
promotes inflammation, and heparin
(prevents clot formation)
Eosinophil
 Description
Nucleus often bilobed, cytoplasmic
granules stain orange-red or bright
red
Function- Releases chemicals that
reduce inflammation; attacks certain
worm parasites
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Agranulocytes
Lymphocyte
 Description
round nucleus, cytoplasm forms a thin
ring around the nucleus- more cytoplasm to
nucleus ratio
Function
produces antibodies and other chemicals
responsible for destroying microorganisms ,
contributes to allergic reactions, graft
rejection, tumor control, and regulation of
the immune system
Monocyte
 Description
Nucleus is round, kidney or horseshoe
shaped contains more cytoplasm than it
does lymphocytes
Function- leave the blood and will enter
tissue , enlarge and become
Macrophages which phaogcytize bacteria
and other debris
Clinical
Focus
 Leukemia- is a cancer in which
abnormal production of one or more
of the white blood cell types occur
Cells are immature and abnormal so
they lack their normal immunologic
functions and people are more
susceptible to infections
Platelets
 Also known as Thrombocytes
 Description- minute fragments of cells each
consisting of a small amount
cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane
Function- prevent blood loss
a) by forming platelet plugs which
seal holes on small vessels
Formation of clots to seal larger vessels
Preventing Blood Loss
Vascular Spasm
Platelet Plugs
Blood clotting mechanisms
Control of Clot Formation
 Natural – Fibrinolysis
 Medical - Anticoagulants