Transcript Disease Unit Review Answers

Disease Unit Review
Answers
Section 19.1: Bacteria
1. Draw or name the major parts of a
bacteria cell.
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- Cell membrane
- Cell wall (2 or 3)
- DNA or RNA (plasmid)
- Cytoplasm
2. What two kingdoms are prokaryotes
split into, and how do those two
kingdoms differ?
• Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
• Differences: archaebacteria live in extreme
environments
• Eubacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell
walls
• DNA in archaebacteria is more like eukaryotic
DNA
3. Describe the four ways that
prokaryotes are classified:
• Shape/Arrangement
• Movement (can move using flagella, or can’t
move at all)
• Gram Stain (Cell Wall structure)
• Energy
4. Draw and name the three different
shapes and three different
arrangements of bacteria
• Shape (cocci [round], bacilli [rod shaped],
spirilli [spiral])
• Arrangement: Can also be in staphylo (cluster)
or strepto (long chain) arrangement or diplo
(two)
5. What are the differences between
gram positive and gram negative
bacteria in structure, color, and
susceptibility to antibiotics?
• Gram Stain- Gram Positive bacteria have two
cell walls, and turn purple, antibiotics can be
used against Gram Negative bacteria have
three cell walls, and turn pink, cannot use
antibiotics
6. Describe two general ways that
bacteria get energy from the
environment
• a. autotrophs: Make their own food using
resources in the environment.
• b. photoautotrophs: Make their own food using
light energy, similar to photosynthesis.
• c. chemoautotrophs: Make their own food using
chemicals in the environment.
• d. heterotrophs: Rely on matter of other
organisms for energy.
Section 19.2: Viruses
7. Draw or list the main parts of a
virus.
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- protein coat (capsid)
- DNA or RNA (retroviruses have both)
8. List three reasons why viruses are
not considered to be living things:
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a. they are parasites, needing a host to get
energy
b. they have no control over their
movement
c. they can’t reproduce on their own
d. no nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, or
cell membrane
9. What is the difference between
temperate and virulent viruses?
• Temperate viruses do not make you very sick,
and do not act quickly. They often stay in the
lysogenic cycle.
• Virulent viruses act very quickly, making you
sick and entering the lytic cycle right away.
10. What cell part is used to classify
viruses?
• Genetic material- do they have DNA or RNA
11. Define viroid and prion, and
explain what they do.
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Viroid: genetic material on the run! DNA or
RNA without a protein coat that hijacks cell
enzymes to reproduce itself.
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Prion: protein on the run! Proteins that use
ribosomes in cells to reproduce themselves,
making large protein plaques- mad cow disease is
the accumulation of protein plaques in the brain.
12. Draw or describe the lytic and lysogenic
cycles of viral reproduction. How does the
method of viral reproduction relate to a virus’
virulence?
• Lyse- to burst open or shred the host cell
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• Lytic cycle: Virus injects its DNA or RNA into host; the virus
reproduces itself using the cell’s organelles; within 1-2 days, the
new viruses burst out of the cell and look for new cells to infect.
• Lysogenic Cycle: Virus injects its DNA into host; DNA becomes part
of host’s DNA; Viral DNA reproduces every time cell divides.
• Virulent viruses tend to use the lytic cycle right away, making the
host immediately ill. Lysogenic viruses can stay dormant, causing
less severe, if any, illness.
Section 19.3: Diseases Caused by
Bacteria and Viruses;
Section 40.1: Infectious Disease
13. Describe three ways that bacteria
can be beneficial to us
•
Food, digestion, cleaning up toxic chemical
areas
14. Describe the four ways that
bacterial disease is transmitted
a. indirect transmission- touching a
contaminated surface
b. airborne transmission- droplets in the air
c. direct transmission- person to person contact
d. vector transmission (mosquito, tick)
15. Explain two ways that bacteria
cause disease.
• a. Releasing toxins (botulism, strep throat)
• b. Feeding off host tissues (flesh eating
bacteria, tuberculosis)
16. List three ways to prevent bacterial
and viral diseases.
• Sterilization through heat
• Cleaning- antiseptics/disinfectants
• Vaccines
17. What are vaccines, and how are
they used to treat viral and bacterial
disease?
• Vaccines are weakened or dead versions of a
bacteria or virus. When we are injected with
them, our immune system creates and stores
antibodies to fight the disease when we get it
for real.
18. What are antibiotics, and how do
they treat bacterial infections?
• Antibiotics are toxins produced by bacteria to kill
other bacteria in a competition for space on a
host. They kill each other by disrupting cell walls.
We have engineered bacteria to produce these
antibiotics in large amounts, and to fight the
bacteria we want them to. When you have a
bacterial infection, you swallow or are injected
with antibiotics to kill the infection inside of you.
19. Explain how bacteria become
resistant to antibiotics.
• When not all the antibiotic is taken, bacteria
become resistant by mutating, they pass on
this resistance to their offspring as they
reproduce.
20. Why can’t antibiotics be used on
viruses?
• Antibiotics disrupt the cell wall of bacteria;
since viruses don’t have cell walls, antibiotics
don’t work.
21. What treatment is available for
viral diseases?
• No treatment, some anti-virals, however there
is prevention through vaccines (small doses of
weakened versions of the virus).
22. For the following diseases, list
what organism/parasite them and how
they are prevented/treated:
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a. Influenza – Virus; vaccine to prevent, anti-viral medications to
treat
b. Staph infection- Bacteria; vaccine to prevent, antibiotics to treat
c. E. coli food poisoning- Bacteria; vaccine to prevent, antibiotics to
treat
d. Mad cow disease- Prion; no prevention or treatment
e. Malaria- Protist; does not respond to vaccines, antibiotics, or antivirals
f. Common cold- Virus; vaccine to prevent, anti-viral to treat
g. HPV/Genital Warts- Virus; vaccine to prevent, anti-viral to treat
f. Syphilis- Bacteria; vaccine to prevent, antibiotic to treat
Ch. 40.2 Immune System
23. List the five major causes of
disease:
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a. Bacteria
b. Protists
c. Worms
d. Fungi
e. viruses
24. Describe four parts of your body’s
first line of defense:
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a. skin: provides a protective barrier against pathogens
b. mucus: traps pathogens and other foreign objects in
nose, throat, and eyes. Cilia (tiny hairs) push
the pathogens forward to be expelled from the
body.
c. Digestive fluids: stomach is very acidic, killing
pathogens trying to live there.
d. Enzymes in body fluids: lysozyme in blood and
lymph fluid kills pathogens trying to live there.
25. Describe how the inflammatory
response, your body’s second line of
defense, works.
• When the first line of defense is broken, the
inflammatory response occurs. Blood carries white
blood cells (macrophages and phagocytes) to the scene
to engulf pathogens. Your body raises its temperature
(fever) to kill the pathogen that can’t live above 98.6
degrees. The area of infection gets red, swollen, and
painful because of the blood flow and death of white
blood cells who are battling the bacteria.
26. What triggers cell-mediated versus
humoral immunity?
• Cell Mediated immunity is triggered by cells
infected by viruses, or cells that have become
cancerous. Humoral immunity is triggered by
antigens in the blood stream and other bodily
fluids.
27. Describe the process of humoral
immunity, including the action of
Memory B Cells, Plasma Cells, and
Antibodies.
• B Cells bind to antigen, and become either
Memory B cells or Plasma Cells. Memory B Cells
are stored in lymph nodes, while Plasma Cells go
into battle. Plasma Cells create antibodies that
attack and destroy antigens. If you are infected
with the same antigen again, the Memory B Cells
divide to become Plasma Cells, who immediately
have the antibodies to kill the antigen.
28. Describe the process of cellmediated immunity, including the
actions of Killer T, Suppressor T,
Memory T, and Helper T Cells.
• The Helper T cells activates Killer T cells, who
find and destroy infected cells by breaking
through their cell membranes. Helper T cells
also create Memory T cells to react faster to
the same infection next time. Finally,
Suppressor T cells turn off Killer T cells so they
stop killing.
29. Circle the following immune
functions that are non-specific:
First line of defense, inflammatory response,
cell-mediated immunity, humoral immunity,
interferons
• Non Specific = first line of defense,
inflammatory response, interferons
• Specific = cell mediated, humoral immunity
30. What is the difference between
active immunity and passive
immunity?
• Active immunity: body produces its own
antibodies in defense of a pathogen
• Passive Immunity: antibodies are given to you,
body does not make them on its own