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MCMP 422: Immunology
• Class MWF 11:30-12:20
• Instructors
– Dr. Geahlen
– Dr. Harrison
– Dr. Hazbun (RHPH 406D, 496-8228,
[email protected])
• Objectives
• Course Policies
• Grading
Peter Parham
The Immune System
Second Edition
Chapter 1
Elements of the Immune System
and their Roles in Defense
Copyright © 2005 by Garland Science Publishing
Chapter 1
Summarizes all of immunology
Get a good Foundation
Before class: Read the textbook in general and try to
understand all the terminologies in bold.
During class: Take good notes because I will be
adding information that will be tested
After class: Review material to commit to long-term
memory
Lecture Concepts
What components make up the immune system?
Cells, organs, cytokines and molecules involved in the
immune system
What is the goal of the immune system?
To clear pathogens and cancer cells in our body
How do we classify immune responses?
Innate and adaptive immune responses
What are the side effects of the immune system?
Autoimmune diseases, Allergies, Transplantation Rejection
• Immunology: the science of how the body responds to foreign
organisms (e.g. pathogens) or substances (e.g. allergen)
•Immune system: the organs, cells and molecules that defend
and respond to pathogens/allergens
1. Tissues/organs
2. Cells
3. Blood borne proteins
Origin of Immunology - individuals who survived a
disease seemed to be untouched upon re-exposure
Vaccination/Immunization - procedure where disease is
prevented by deliberate exposure to infectious agent that
cannot cause disease.
Figure 1-2
How Clean are You?
Part of body
Head (scalp)
Surface of skin
Saliva
Nose mucus
Faeces
Bacteria
1,000,000 /cm2
1000 /cm2
100,000,000 /g
10,000,000 /g
over 100,000,000 /g
Diversity of Pathogens
• Four Classes
• Opportunistic pathogens
• Pathogen-Host relationship
Defenses against Pathogens
Physical Defenses
1. Skin
2. Mucosal surfaces
Immune Defenses
1. Innate
2. Adaptive
Figure 1-4
Immunity: Basic Parts
Recognition
(Binding event)
Pathogen
(Foreign)
Signal
Immune
disorders
(Self)
Effector mechanisms
Effector Cells
Complement
Innate immunity - “naïve” everyday immunity
Acquired immunity - “specialized” immunity
One way Immunity Works
Figure 1-5 part 1 of 2
Complement
Effector cell
Endocytosis
Figure 1-5 part 2 of 2
Innate Immunity
Figure 1-6
Cytokines
Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Inflammatory cells
What if Innate Immunity is not Enough?
• Innate immunity keeps us healthy most of the time
• Some pathogens escape the innate immune process
• Need a specific system to adapt to a specific pathogen
• Adaptive immune response
Characteristics of Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
Figure 1-7
Lymphocytes - white blood cells that increase the
immune response to ongoing infection
Innate vs Adaptive Molecular Recognition
• Most important difference: Receptors used to recognize
pathogens
• Innate immunity: Receptors recognize conserved structures
present in many pathogens
Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns: LPS,
peptidoglycan, lipids, mannose, bacterial DNA and viral RNA
• Adaptive immunity: Receptors recognize a specific structure
unique to that pathogen
Flowchart of Hematopoiesis
Figure 1-11 part 1 of 2
Flowchart of Hematopoiesis
Figure 1-11
Myeloid Lineage
Granulocytes (Myeloid progenitor)
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMLs)
Figure 1-9 Neutrophils:
partMost
3 abundant
of 6
Phagocyte
Effector cells of Innate Immunity
Short-lived - Pus
Eosinophils:
Worms/intestinal parasites
Amplify inflammation
Bind IgE
Very Toxic - Pathogen and host
Chronic asthma
Basophils:
Rare
Unknown function
Bind to IgE
Figure 1-9 part 5 of 6
Figure 1-13
Lymphoid Lineage Cells
Figure 1-9 part 2 of 6
Lymp
Figure 1-9 part 1 of 6
Erythroid Lineage
Figure 1-9 part 6 of 6
Lymphoid
Myeloid part 2 of 2
Erythroid
Figure 1-11
Figure 1-12
Figure 1-14
Sites of Lymphoid Tissue
Figure 1-15
Primary and Secondary
GALT, BALT, MALT
Lymph
Recirculation
Figure 1-16
Draining Lymph node
Edema
Afferent and Efferent
Figure 1-17 part 1 of 2
B-cell area
(follicle)
Anatomy of immune function in the Spleen
Figure 1-19
Figure 1-19 part 1 of 2
Figure 1-19 part 2 of 2
Figure 1-20
Adaptive Immunity
1. Vertebrates only
2. Specificity
- recognition modules - BCR, Ab and TCR
- gene rearrangement is the source of diversity
- clonal selection
3. Small lymphocytes
- types and sub-types
- functions
Recognition concept
Receptor or Antibody molecule
Antigen - structure recognized by an Ab, BCR or TCR
Epitope - particular sub-structure of the Ag that is bound
Affinity - how much a molecule like to bind to a structure
Small lymphocyte sub-types
B-cells
BCR is Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Plasma cells - effector cells that secrete Ab
T-cells
Tc = cytotoxic (CD8+)
TH = helper T-cells (CD4+)
Th1 (inflammation)
Th2 (help B-cells make AB)
Recognition modules of Adaptive immunity
B cells
T cells
B-cells
T-cell
Figure 1-25
Intracellular
pathogens
Extracellular
pathogens
Figure 1-26
MHC class I communicates with Tc cells
MHC class II communicates with TH cells
Figure 1-27
Parasitic infection
Parasite
+
Mast cell
Inflammation
Mast cell
activated
Expel
and/or
destroy
pathogen
• Neutralization
• Opsonization
1. Inflammation
Principles of Adaptive Immunity
Diversity
Specificity
Memory
Self-tolerance
Gene Rearrangement is the source of Diversity
Germline configuration
Diversity
1. Alternative combinations
2. Imprecise joints
3. Different types of chains
4. B-cells - somatic hypermutation
In the absence of antigen
Clonal Selection
1. Each cell = one receptor
2. Millions of lymphocytes
are generated
3. Small subset will
recognize a pathogen
4. Proliferation and
differentiation
5. Acquired immunity - the
adaptive immunity
provided by
immunological memory
Figure 1-22
Figure 1-30
Figure 1-31
Figure 1-28
Mechanism of Self-tolerance
Immunodeficiencies
Inherited deficiencies
Stress induced
Pathogen caused deficiencies
Figure 1-32 IgG
CD4 TH1
CD8 CTL
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Figure 1-33
Figure 1-34
Figure 1-10
Figure 1-29 part 1 of 2
Figure 1-29 part 2 of 2
Figure 1-31 part 1 of 3
Figure 1-31 part 2 of 3
Figure 1-31 part 3 of 3